Automatic Stabilizers · 自动稳定器
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| legislative lag/ˈledʒɪslətɪv læɡ/ | 立法时滞 | lì fǎ shí zhì |
| automatic stabilizers/ˌɔːtəˈmætɪk ˈsteɪbəlaɪzəz/ | 自动稳定器 | zì dòng wěn dìng qì |
| progressive/prəˈɡresɪv/ | 累进 | lèi jìn |
| recession/rɪˈseʃn/ | 经济衰退 | jīng jì shuāi tuì |
| transfer payments/ˈtrænsfɜː ˈpeɪmənts/ | 转移支付 | zhuǎn yí zhī fù |
| unemployment benefits/ʌnemˈplɔɪmənt ˈbenɪfɪts/ | 失业救济金 | shī yè jiù jì jīn |
| discretionary/dɪˈskreʃənəri/ | 相机抉择 | xiàng jī jué zé |
Policy that acts by itself
- Deliberate fiscal policy has a weakness: new laws take time to pass.
- Debate and votes create a legislative lag 立法时滞.
- But some parts of the budget push back against the cycle on their own.
- These are automatic stabilizers 自动稳定器 — no new law needed.
自己起作用的政策
- 刻意的财政政策有个弱点:新法律需要时间才能通过。
- 辩论和投票造成立法时滞(legislative lag)。
- 但预算里有些部分自己就在对抗周期。
- 这些是自动稳定器(automatic stabilizers)——不需要新法律。
An automatic stabilizer dampens the business cycle: · 自动稳定器抑制经济周期,靠的是:
It is built into existing law, so it acts instantly with no legislative lag. · 它内建于现有法律,所以即时起作用,没有立法时滞。
Progressive taxes
- Under a progressive 累进 tax, higher incomes are taxed at higher rates.
- In a boom, incomes rise, so tax collections rise more than proportionally — automatically draining spending power and cooling AD.
- In a recession 经济衰退, incomes fall, collections fall even faster, so households keep more of each dollar, propping up AD.
- The tax system leans against the cycle by itself.
累进税
- 在累进(progressive)税下,更高的收入按更高的税率征税。
- 繁荣时收入上升,所以税收超比例地上升——自动抽走消费力、给 AD 降温。
- 经济衰退(recession)时收入下降,税收下降得更快,所以家庭留下每一元的更多,托住 AD。
- 税制自己就在对抗周期。
In a boom, a progressive tax system automatically: · 在繁荣时,累进税制自动地:
Rising incomes are taxed more than proportionally, draining spending power in a boom. · 上升的收入被超比例征税,在繁荣时抽走消费力。
Transfer payments
- Transfer payments 转移支付 give income without asking for output in return — like unemployment benefits 失业救济金.
- In a recession, more people lose jobs and claim benefits, so this spending rises automatically, supporting AD just when it is weakest.
- In a boom, fewer people claim, so it falls, cooling AD.
- Again, no vote is needed.
转移支付
- 转移支付(transfer payments)在不要求相应产出的情况下给予收入——比如失业救济金(unemployment benefits)。
- 衰退时更多人失业并申领救济,所以这项支出自动上升,恰在 AD 最弱时支撑它。
- 繁荣时申领的人更少,所以它下降,给 AD 降温。
- 同样,不需要投票。
Automatic or discretionary? · 自动还是相机抉择?
Automatic stabilizers (progressive taxes, transfer payments) act by themselves with no new law; discretionary policy is a deliberate new spending or tax choice. · 自动稳定器(累进税、转移支付)无需新法律自己起作用;相机抉择政策是刻意的新支出或税收选择。
In a recession, unemployment benefits rise automatically, supporting aggregate demand. · 在衰退时,失业救济金自动上升,支撑总需求。
More people claim benefits when jobs are lost, so transfer spending rises on its own. · 失业时更多人申领救济,所以转移支出自己上升。
Select all · 所有 that are automatic stabilizers. · 选出所有属于自动稳定器的项目。
Progressive taxes and transfers act automatically; a new bill is discretionary. · 累进税和转移支付自动起作用;新法案属于相机抉择。
Automatic vs discretionary
- Automatic stabilizers act instantly and by themselves, built into existing law — no legislative lag.
- Discretionary 相机抉择 fiscal policy is a deliberate new choice (a fresh spending bill or tax change) — precise, but slow to enact.
- Automatic stabilizers do not usually close a whole gap, but they blunt the shock and buy time.
- Worked idea. A recession hits: benefits rise and income taxes fall automatically, so AD does not drop as far.
自动 vs 相机抉择
- 自动稳定器即时、自动地起作用,内建于现有法律——没有立法时滞。
- 相机抉择(discretionary)财政政策是一次刻意的新选择(一项新的支出法案或税收变动)——精准,但通过缓慢。
- 自动稳定器通常不会填满整个缺口,但它们钝化冲击、争取时间。
- 例题。 衰退来袭:救济金上升、所得税自动减少,所以 AD 不会跌得那么深。
The time it takes to debate and pass a new spending or tax law is called the ______ lag. · 辩论并通过新的支出或税收法律所需的时间,叫做______时滞。
Discretionary policy suffers a legislative lag; automatic stabilizers do not. · 相机抉择政策有立法时滞;自动稳定器没有。
Compared with discretionary policy, automatic stabilizers are: · 与相机抉择政策相比,自动稳定器:
They act by themselves at once; discretionary policy can be aimed precisely but is slow. · 它们自己立刻起作用;相机抉择政策可精准瞄准,但很慢。
Automatic stabilizers dampen the business cycle without new legislation: progressive taxes drain spending in booms and less in slumps, and transfer payments (like unemployment benefits) rise automatically in a recession. Unlike discretionary policy, they act instantly with no legislative lag.
自动稳定器在无需新立法的情况下抑制经济周期:累进税在繁荣时抽走消费、在衰退时抽走更少,转移支付(如失业救济金)在衰退时自动上升。与相机抉择政策不同,它们即时起作用,没有立法时滞。