Fiscal Policy · 财政政策
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| fiscal policy/ˈfɪskl ˈpɒlɪsi/ | 财政政策 | cái zhèng zhèng cè |
| expansionary/ekˈspænʃənəri/ | 扩张性 | kuò zhāng xìng |
| contractionary/kənˈtrækʃənəri/ | 紧缩性 | jǐn suō xìng |
Speeding up the cure
- Self-adjustment eventually works, but it can be painfully slow — years of high unemployment.
- So the government often acts deliberately to speed things up.
- It uses its own spending and taxes to steer aggregate demand.
- This is fiscal policy 财政政策.
加快治愈
- 自我调整最终有效,但可能慢得让人痛苦——数年的高失业。
- 所以政府常常刻意出手,加快进程。
- 它用自己的支出和税收来引导总需求。
- 这就是财政政策(fiscal policy)。
Expansionary fiscal policy
- Expansionary 扩张性 fiscal policy increases AD: the government raises spending or cuts taxes.
- More spending adds directly to $G$; a tax cut leaves households more to spend, raising $C$.
- AD shifts right.
- Use it to fight a recessionary gap.
扩张性财政政策
- 扩张性(expansionary)财政政策增加 AD:政府增加支出或减税。
- 增加支出直接加到 $G$;减税让家庭有更多可花的,抬升 $C$。
- AD 右移。
- 用它来对付衰退缺口。
Fiscal policy in the AD-AS model · AD-AS 模型中的财政政策
Expansionary fiscal policy shifts AD right to close a recessionary gap; contractionary policy shifts AD left to cool an inflationary gap. · 扩张性财政政策使 AD 右移以缩小衰退缺口;紧缩性政策使 AD 左移以给通货膨胀缺口降温。
Expansionary fiscal policy means the government: · 扩张性财政政策是指政府:
More spending or lower taxes shifts AD right — used to fight a recessionary gap. · 增支或减税使 AD 右移——用于对付衰退缺口。
Select all · 所有 tools of fiscal policy. · 选出财政政策的所有工具。
Fiscal policy works through spending, taxes and transfers; the money supply is monetary policy. · 财政政策通过支出、税收和转移支付起作用;货币供给属于货币政策。
Contractionary fiscal policy
- Contractionary 紧缩性 fiscal policy decreases AD: the government cuts spending or raises taxes.
- AD shifts left.
- Use it to cool an inflationary gap and tame demand-pull inflation.
- Match the tool to the gap: recessionary → expansionary; inflationary → contractionary.
紧缩性财政政策
- 紧缩性(contractionary)财政政策减少 AD:政府削减支出或加税。
- AD 左移。
- 用它来给通货膨胀缺口降温,驯服需求拉动型通胀。
- 工具要对症:衰退 → 扩张性;通货膨胀 → 紧缩性。
Match each gap to the right fiscal policy. · 把每种缺口与正确的财政政策配对。
Push AD toward potential: right for a recession, left for an inflationary boom. · 把 AD 推向潜在:衰退时右移,通胀繁荣时左移。
To cool an inflationary gap, the government uses contractionary fiscal policy (cut spending or raise taxes). · 为给通货膨胀缺口降温,政府使用紧缩性财政政策(减支或加税)。
Contractionary policy shifts AD left, back toward potential output. · 紧缩性政策使 AD 左移,回到潜在产出。
Powered by the multiplier
- Fiscal policy is powerful because of the multiplier — the government need not close the whole gap by itself.
- $\Delta \text{GDP} = \text{spending multiplier} \times \Delta G$.
- Worked idea. A recessionary gap is 200b and $MPC = 0.8$, so the spending multiplier is 5.
- To close the gap, $\Delta G = 200 \div 5 = 40$b — just 40b of spending, magnified fivefold.
由乘数放大
- 财政政策之所以有力,是因为乘数——政府不必独自填满整个缺口。
- $\Delta \text{GDP} = \text{spending multiplier} \times \Delta G$。
- 例题。 衰退缺口是 200 十亿,$MPC = 0.8$,所以支出乘数是 5。
- 要填补缺口,$\Delta G = 200 \div 5 = 40$ 十亿——只需 40 十亿的支出,放大五倍。
A recessionary gap is 200 and the spending multiplier is 5. How much extra government spending closes it? · 衰退缺口是 200,支出乘数是 5。多少额外政府支出能填补它?
ΔG = gap ÷ multiplier = 200 ÷ 5 = 40 — magnified fivefold to shift AD by 200. · ΔG = 缺口 ÷ 乘数 = 200 ÷ 5 = 40——放大五倍使 AD 移动 200。
To close the same gap, a tax cut must be larger than a spending rise because: · 要填补同样的缺口,减税必须比增支更大,因为:
The tax multiplier is smaller than the spending multiplier, so a bigger tax change is needed. · 税收乘数小于支出乘数,所以需要更大的税收变动。
Fiscal policy uses government spending and taxes to steer AD. Expansionary (more spending / lower taxes) shifts AD right to fight a recessionary gap; contractionary (less spending / higher taxes) shifts AD left to cool an inflationary gap. The multiplier magnifies each action.
财政政策用政府支出和税收引导 AD。扩张性(增支/减税)使 AD 右移以对付衰退缺口;紧缩性(减支/加税)使 AD 左移以给通货膨胀缺口降温。乘数放大每次行动。