Real v. Nominal GDP · 实际国内生产总值与名义国内生产总值
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| nominal GDP/ˈnɒmɪnl ˌdʒiː diː ˈpiː/ | 名义国内生产总值 | míng yì guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí |
| current prices/ˈkʌrənt ˈpraɪsɪz/ | 当年价格 | dāng nián jià gé |
| real GDP/rɪəl ˌdʒiː diː ˈpiː/ | 实际国内生产总值 | shí jì guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí |
| GDP deflator/ˌdʒiː diː ˈpiː diːˈfleɪtə/ | 国内生产总值平减指数 | guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí píng jiǎn zhǐ shù |
Did we make more, or just charge more?
- GDP can jump for two very different reasons.
- Maybe the country truly made more stuff.
- Or maybe prices simply went up while output stood still.
- To tell them apart, we split GDP into two versions.
是造得更多,还是只是卖得更贵?
- GDP 上升可能有两个很不同的原因。
- 也许这个国家真的造了更多东西。
- 也许只是价格涨了,而产出原地不动。
- 为把它们区分开,我们把 GDP 拆成两个版本。
Nominal vs real
- Nominal GDP 名义国内生产总值 is measured at current prices 当年价格 — it mixes changes in output and prices.
- Real GDP 实际国内生产总值 is measured at constant base-year prices — it strips out inflation and shows only actual output.
- If nominal GDP doubles only because prices doubled, real GDP is unchanged — nobody is better off.
名义 vs 实际
- 名义国内生产总值(nominal GDP)按当年价格(current prices)衡量——它把产出和价格的变化混在一起。
- 实际国内生产总值(real GDP)按不变基年价格衡量——它剔除通胀,只显示实际产出。
- 如果名义 GDP 翻倍只是因为价格翻倍,实际 GDP 不变——没有人变得更好。
Real or nominal? · 实际还是名义?
Nominal GDP uses current prices and mixes output with inflation; real GDP holds prices at a base year, so it shows only the change in output. · 名义 GDP 用当年价格,把产出和通胀混在一起;实际 GDP 把价格固定在基年,所以只显示产出的变化。
Real GDP is measured at: · 实际 GDP 是按什么衡量的:
Holding prices fixed removes inflation, so real GDP shows only the change in output. · 固定价格剔除通胀,所以实际 GDP 只显示产出的变化。
If nominal GDP doubles only because prices doubled, real GDP is unchanged. · 如果名义 GDP 翻倍只是因为价格翻倍,实际 GDP 不变。
No extra output was made, so real GDP — which strips out prices — stays the same. · 没有生产更多产出,所以剔除价格的实际 GDP 保持不变。
To measure how much an economy's output really grew, economists prefer: · 要衡量一个经济体的产出真正增长了多少,经济学家更喜欢:
Real GDP removes price changes, so it reflects genuine growth in output. · 实际 GDP 去除价格变化,所以它反映产出的真正增长。
The GDP deflator
- To move between them we use the GDP deflator 国内生产总值平减指数.
- $\text{GDP deflator} = \dfrac{\text{nominal GDP}}{\text{real GDP}} \times 100$, so $\text{real} = \dfrac{\text{nominal}}{\text{price index}} \times 100$.
- The CPI tracks a fixed consumer basket; the deflator tracks all goods produced at home, and its basket changes each year.
GDP 平减指数
- 要在两者之间换算,我们用 GDP 平减指数(GDP deflator)。
- $\text{GDP deflator} = \dfrac{\text{nominal GDP}}{\text{real GDP}} \times 100$,所以 $\text{real} = \dfrac{\text{nominal}}{\text{price index}} \times 100$。
- CPI 追踪一个固定的消费者篮子;平减指数追踪本国生产的所有商品,它的篮子每年变化。
The price index used to convert nominal to real GDP is the GDP ______. · 用来把名义 GDP 换算成实际 GDP 的价格指数是 GDP ______。
GDP deflator = (nominal GDP ÷ real GDP) × 100. · GDP 平减指数 = (名义 GDP ÷ 实际 GDP) × 100。
Unlike the CPI (a fixed consumer basket), the GDP deflator tracks: · 与 CPI(固定消费者篮子)不同,GDP 平减指数追踪:
The deflator covers everything in GDP, and its basket changes each year with what is made. · 平减指数覆盖 GDP 中的一切,其篮子每年随生产的东西变化。
A worked case
- Worked idea. Nominal GDP is 1,320b and the deflator is 110.
- Real GDP $= \dfrac{1{,}320}{110} \times 100 = 1{,}200$b.
- So real output grew from 1,000b to 1,200b — a 20% real rise — even though nominal GDP jumped 32%.
- The extra 12 points were just higher prices, not more output.
一个例子
- 例题。 名义 GDP 是 1,320 十亿,平减指数是 110。
- 实际 GDP $= \dfrac{1{,}320}{110} \times 100 = 1{,}200$ 十亿。
- 所以实际产出从 1,000 十亿增长到 1,200 十亿——实际增长 20%——尽管名义 GDP 跳升了 32%。
- 多出来的 12 个点只是更高的价格,而不是更多的产出。
Nominal GDP is 1,320 and the GDP deflator is 110. What is real GDP? · 名义 GDP 是 1,320,GDP 平减指数是 110。实际 GDP 是多少?
Real GDP = (nominal ÷ price index) × 100 = (1,320 ÷ 110) × 100 = 1,200. · 实际 GDP = (名义 ÷ 价格指数) × 100 = (1,320 ÷ 110) × 100 = 1,200。
Nominal GDP uses current prices (output + inflation); real GDP uses base-year prices (output only), so it is the true measure of growth. Convert with the GDP deflator: $\text{real} = \dfrac{\text{nominal}}{\text{price index}} \times 100$.
名义 GDP 用当年价格(产出 + 通胀);实际 GDP 用基年价格(只有产出),所以它是增长的真实衡量。用 GDP 平减指数换算:$\text{real} = \dfrac{\text{nominal}}{\text{price index}} \times 100$。