Price Indices and Inflation · 价格指数与通货膨胀
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| inflation/ɪnˈfleɪʃn/ | 通货膨胀 | tōng huò péng zhàng |
| deflation/diːˈfleɪʃn/ | 通货紧缩 | tōng huò jǐn suō |
| disinflation/ˌdɪsɪnˈfleɪʃn/ | 反通货膨胀 | fǎn tōng huò péng zhàng |
| base year/beɪs jɪə/ | 基年 | jī nián |
| Consumer Price Index/kənˈsuːmə praɪs ˈɪndeks/ | 消费者价格指数 | xiāo fèi zhě jià gé zhǐ shù |
| price index/praɪs ˈɪndeks/ | 价格指数 | jià gé zhǐ shù |
| fixed market basket/fɪkst ˈmɑːkɪt ˈbæskɪt/ | 固定商品篮子 | gù dìng shāng pǐn lán zi |
| inflation rate/ɪnˈfleɪʃn reɪt/ | 通货膨胀率 | tōng huò péng zhàng lǜ |
| biased/ˈbaɪəst/ | 有偏差 | yǒu piān chā |
| substitution/ˌsʌbstɪˈtjuːʃn/ | 替代 | tì dài |
| quality change/ˈkwɒlɪti tʃeɪndʒ/ | 质量变化 | zhì liàng biàn huà |
When the whole price tag rises
- One good getting dearer is normal — but what if everything creeps up at once?
- That is a change in the general price level, and it has a name.
- Track it and you can tell a healthy economy from an overheating one.
- Three words describe how the price level moves.
当整张价格标签都在涨
- 一样东西变贵很正常——但如果所有东西一起悄悄上涨呢?
- 那是一般价格水平的变化,它有一个名字。
- 追踪它,你就能把健康的经济和过热的经济区分开。
- 三个词描述价格水平如何变动。
Inflation, deflation, disinflation
- Inflation 通货膨胀 — the general price level is rising.
- Deflation 通货紧缩 — the general price level is falling.
- Disinflation 反通货膨胀 — inflation is still happening, but slower than before (prices rise, just less quickly).
通货膨胀、通货紧缩、反通货膨胀
- 通货膨胀(inflation)——一般价格水平在上升。
- 通货紧缩(deflation)——一般价格水平在下降。
- 反通货膨胀(disinflation)——通胀仍在发生,但比以前更慢(价格还在涨,只是没那么快)。
Inflation, deflation, or disinflation? · 通胀、通缩,还是反通胀?
Inflation is a rising price level; deflation is a falling one; disinflation is inflation that is still positive but slowing. · 通货膨胀是价格水平上升;通货紧缩是下降;反通货膨胀是通胀仍为正但在放缓。
Inflation is: · 通货膨胀是:
Inflation is the average of all prices rising, not just one good. · 通货膨胀是所有价格平均上升,而不只是一种商品。
Inflation slows from 8% to 3%. This is: · 通胀率从 8% 放缓到 3%。这是:
Prices are still rising (positive inflation), just more slowly — disinflation. · 价格仍在上升(正通胀),只是更慢——反通货膨胀。
The Consumer Price Index
- A price index 价格指数 tracks the price level; the best-known is the Consumer Price Index 消费者价格指数 (CPI).
- It uses a fixed market basket 固定商品篮子 — a set list of goods a typical family buys, so changes come only from prices.
- Each period is compared to a base year 基年, whose index is set to 100.
- $\text{index} = \dfrac{\text{cost of basket now}}{\text{cost of basket in base year}} \times 100$.
消费者价格指数
- 价格指数(price index)追踪价格水平;最有名的是消费者价格指数(Consumer Price Index,CPI)。
- 它用一个固定商品篮子(fixed market basket)——典型家庭购买的一份固定清单,这样变化就只来自价格。
- 每期都与一个基年(base year)相比,基年的指数设为 100。
- $\text{index} = \dfrac{\text{cost of basket now}}{\text{cost of basket in base year}} \times 100$。
A basket costs 400 in the base year and 440 now. What is this year's price index? · 一个篮子在基年花 400,现在花 440。今年的价格指数是多少?
Index = (440 ÷ 400) × 100 = 110. · 指数 = (440 ÷ 400) × 100 = 110。
A price index is set to 100 in the chosen ______ year. · 价格指数在所选的______年被设为 100。
All other years are compared to the base year's index of 100. · 所有其他年份都与基年的指数 100 相比较。
Measuring the inflation rate
- The inflation rate 通货膨胀率 is the percentage change between two index values.
- Worked idea. A basket costs 400 in the base year and 440 now, so this year's index is $\dfrac{440}{400} \times 100 = 110$.
- The base-year index is 100, so inflation is $\dfrac{110 - 100}{100} \times 100 = 10\%$.
- The CPI can be biased 有偏差: the fixed basket ignores substitution 替代 and quality change 质量变化.
衡量通货膨胀率
- 通货膨胀率(inflation rate)是两个指数值之间的百分比变化。
- 例题。 一个篮子在基年花 400,现在花 440,所以今年的指数是 $\dfrac{440}{400} \times 100 = 110$。
- 基年指数是 100,所以通胀率是 $\dfrac{110 - 100}{100} \times 100 = 10\%$。
- CPI 可能有偏差(biased):固定篮子忽略了替代(substitution)和质量变化(quality change)。
The price index rose from 100 to 110. What is the inflation rate, in percent? · 价格指数从 100 升到 110。通货膨胀率是多少(百分数)?
Inflation = (110 − 100) ÷ 100 × 100 = 10%. · 通胀率 = (110 − 100) ÷ 100 × 100 = 10%。
Select all · 所有 reasons the CPI can be a biased measure of the cost of living. · 选出所有 CPI 可能成为生活成本有偏差衡量的原因。
Substitution and quality change, plus the fixed basket, make the CPI slightly overstate the cost of living. · 替代和质量变化,加上固定篮子,使 CPI 略微高估生活成本。
The general price level rises (inflation), falls (deflation), or rises more slowly (disinflation). The CPI measures it with a fixed basket against a base year = 100. The inflation rate is the percentage change in the index; the CPI is slightly biased by substitution and quality change.
一般价格水平上升(通货膨胀)、下降(通货紧缩),或上升变慢(反通货膨胀)。CPI 用固定篮子相对基年 = 100 来衡量它。通货膨胀率是指数的百分比变化;CPI 因替代和质量变化而略有偏差。