Unemployment · 失业
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| unemployed/ʌnemˈplɔɪd/ | 失业 | shī yè |
| labor force/ˈleɪbə fɔːs/ | 劳动力 | láo dòng lì |
| employed/emˈplɔɪd/ | 就业 | jiù yè |
| unemployment rate/ʌnemˈplɔɪmənt reɪt/ | 失业率 | shī yè lǜ |
| labor force participation rate/ˈleɪbə fɔːs pɑːˈtɪsɪpeɪʃn reɪt/ | 劳动力参与率 | láo dòng lì cān yù lǜ |
| working-age population/ˈwɜːkɪŋ eɪdʒ ˌpɒpjʊˈleɪʃn/ | 劳动年龄人口 | láo dòng nián líng rén kǒu |
| frictional/ˈfrɪkʃənl/ | 摩擦性失业 | mó cā xìng shī yè |
| structural/ˈstrʌktʃərəl/ | 结构性失业 | jié gòu xìng shī yè |
| technology/tekˈnɒlədʒi/ | 技术 | jì shù |
| cyclical/ˈsaɪklɪkl/ | 周期性失业 | zhōu qī xìng shī yè |
| downturn/ˈdaʊntɜːn/ | 经济下行 | jīng jì xià xíng |
| full employment/fʊl emˈplɔɪmənt/ | 充分就业 | chōng fèn jiù yè |
| natural rate of unemployment/ˈnætʃərəl reɪt ɒv ʌnemˈplɔɪmənt/ | 自然失业率 | zì rán shī yè lǜ |
| discouraged workers/dɪˈskʌrɪdʒd ˈwɜːkəz/ | 灰心工人 | huī xīn gōng rén |
Who counts as unemployed?
- Not everyone without a job is "unemployed" in the official sense.
- A retiree or a full-time student isn't looking for work.
- To measure the job market, we first decide who is even in it.
- That group is the labor force 劳动力.
谁算失业?
- 不是每个没工作的人在官方意义上都"失业"。
- 退休者或全日制学生并不在找工作。
- 要衡量就业市场,我们先要决定谁在市场里。
- 那个群体就是劳动力(labor force)。
The labour force and two rates
- The labor force is everyone employed 就业 plus everyone unemployed 失业 (jobless but actively looking).
- The unemployment rate 失业率 = unemployed ÷ labor force × 100.
- The labor force participation rate 劳动力参与率 = labor force ÷ working-age population 劳动年龄人口 × 100.
劳动力与两个比率
- 劳动力是所有就业(employed)加所有失业(unemployed,没工作但在积极找)的人。
- 失业率(unemployment rate)= 失业 ÷ 劳动力 × 100。
- 劳动力参与率(labor force participation rate)= 劳动力 ÷ 劳动年龄人口(working-age population)× 100。
The labour force includes: · 劳动力包括:
It leaves out people not seeking work — retirees, full-time students, stay-at-home parents. · 它不包括不找工作的人——退休者、全日制学生、全职父母。
A town has 95,000 employed and 5,000 unemployed. What is the unemployment rate, in percent? · 一个镇有 95,000 就业和 5,000 失业。失业率是多少(百分数)?
Labour force = 100,000; rate = 5,000 ÷ 100,000 × 100 = 5%. · 劳动力 = 100,000;失业率 = 5,000 ÷ 100,000 × 100 = 5%。
Three types of unemployment
- Frictional 摩擦性失业 — short-term, while people move between jobs. Normal and even healthy.
- Structural 结构性失业 — workers' skills or locations no longer match the jobs, often from new technology 技术.
- Cyclical 周期性失业 — caused by a downturn 经济下行, when weak demand means fewer workers are needed.
三种失业
- 摩擦性失业(frictional)——短期的,人们在工作之间转换时。正常,甚至健康。
- 结构性失业(structural)——工人的技能或所在地不再匹配现有工作,常因新技术(technology)。
- 周期性失业(cyclical)——由经济下行(downturn)引起,需求疲软意味着需要的工人更少。
Which type of unemployment? · 哪一种失业?
Frictional unemployment is short-term job switching; structural is a skills or location mismatch; cyclical comes from a downturn in the business cycle. · 摩擦性失业是短期换工作;结构性是技能或地点不匹配;周期性来自经济周期的下行。
Unemployment caused by a recession (weak demand) is called: · 由衰退(需求疲软)引起的失业称为:
Cyclical unemployment rises in a downturn and falls in an expansion. · 周期性失业在下行时上升,在扩张时下降。
The natural rate and full employment
- The natural rate of unemployment 自然失业率 = frictional + structural (when cyclical is zero).
- The economy is at full employment 充分就业 when the actual rate equals the natural rate.
- Full employment does not mean zero unemployment — some frictional and structural always exists.
- Discouraged workers 灰心工人 who stop looking leave the labor force, making the rate look lower than reality.
自然失业率与充分就业
- 自然失业率(natural rate of unemployment)= 摩擦性 + 结构性(当周期性为零时)。
- 当实际失业率等于自然失业率时,经济处于充分就业(full employment)。
- 充分就业不意味着零失业——总有一些摩擦性和结构性失业。
- 灰心工人(discouraged workers)不再找工作就离开劳动力,使失业率看起来比现实低。
Full employment means the unemployment rate is zero. · 充分就业意味着失业率为零。
Full employment means the actual rate equals the natural rate — some frictional and structural remain. · 充分就业意味着实际失业率等于自然失业率——仍有一些摩擦性和结构性失业。
The natural rate of unemployment equals frictional plus ______ unemployment. · 自然失业率等于摩擦性加上______失业。
At the natural rate, cyclical unemployment is zero. · 在自然失业率处,周期性失业为零。
When discouraged workers stop looking for a job, the measured unemployment rate: · 当灰心工人停止找工作时,测得的失业率:
They leave the labour force, so both it and the unemployed count fall — the rate understates reality. · 他们离开劳动力,所以劳动力和失业人数都下降——失业率低估了现实。
The labor force = employed + unemployed. The unemployment rate is unemployed ÷ labor force. Unemployment is frictional, structural, or cyclical; the natural rate (frictional + structural) defines full employment — which is not zero unemployment.
劳动力 = 就业 + 失业。失业率是 失业 ÷ 劳动力。失业分为摩擦性、结构性或周期性;自然失业率(摩擦性 + 结构性)定义了充分就业——它不是零失业。