Medicine's Unsettled Questions · 医学未决的问题
Life extended, consensus not reached
- Medical theories and technologies extended life but posed social and moral questions that eluded consensus and crossed religious, political, and philosophical perspectives.
- Eluded consensus is a strong and deliberate phrase: the CED says the questions were not settled.
- Crossed... perspectives says the disagreement does not line up with existing political or religious camps.
生命被延长,共识未达成
- 医学理论与技术延长了生命,却提出了一些社会与道德问题,这些问题难以达成共识,并跨越了宗教的、政治的与哲学的诸种视角。
- 难以达成共识是一个有力且刻意的措辞:CED 说这些问题没有得到解决。
- 跨越了……诸种视角说明这一分歧并不与既有的政治或宗教阵营重合。
'Eluded consensus' means the questions were... · ‘未能达成共识’意味着这些问题是……
A strong and deliberate phrase. · 一个强烈且刻意的短语。
Why the disagreement crosses camps
- A question about when a life begins or ends is not answered by a position on the economy or the state.
- So people who agree about everything political can disagree here, and the CED records exactly that.
- This is the clearest case in the course of a debate that the ideological map does not organise.
这一分歧为何跨越阵营
- 一个关于生命何时开始或结束的问题,不能由一种关于经济或国家的立场来回答。
- 因此在政治上事事一致的人,在这里可能意见相左,而 CED 记录的正是这一点。
- 这是本课程中最清晰的一例:一场无法被意识形态地图所组织的辩论。
Select all · 所有 three perspectives the CED says the questions crossed. · 选择CED指出的这些问题跨越的所有三个视角。
So the disagreement does not line up with existing camps. · 因此分歧并不符合现有的阵营划分。
It belongs to the knowledge thread
- 8.1's third thread asks about objective knowledge, reason's ability to arrive at truth, and religion's role in determining moral standards.
- A moral question that science creates but cannot settle tests all three at once.
- So 9.12 is where that thread meets ordinary life, which is why it earns its own subtopic.
它属于知识那条线索
- 8.1 的第三条线索追问的是客观知识、理性抵达真理的能力,以及宗教在确定道德标准中的作用。
- 一个由科学造成却无法由科学解决的道德问题,同时对这三者构成考验。
- 因此 9.12 正是那条线索与普通生活相遇之处,这也是它赢得自己一个小节的原因。
The advance, the question, or why it stays open? · 进步、问题，还是为何它保持开放？
Sort each element of medicine's cultural influence. · 对医学文化影响的每个要素进行分类。
People who agree about everything political can disagree about these questions. · 在政治上一致的人也可能对这些问题进行不同看法。
The clearest case of a debate the ideological map does not organise. · 这是意识形态地图无法组织的最典型辩论案例。
"Eluded consensus" means the CED says these questions were not settled. And they crossed religious, political, and philosophical perspectives, so the disagreement does not line up with existing camps — an answer that assigns one position to one ideology has imposed an order the CED explicitly denies.
"难以达成共识"意味着 CED 说这些问题没有得到解决。而且它们跨越了宗教的、政治的与哲学的诸种视角,因此这一分歧并不与既有阵营重合——把某一立场归给某一意识形态的答案,强加了一种 CED 明确否认的秩序。
In this subtopic technology is measured by... · 在这个子主题中，技术是通过……来衡量的
A different kind of influence from 6.3 and 7.6. · 一种不同于6.3和7.6的影响方式。
Innovation influencing culture, not only production
- The objective is how innovation and advances in technology influenced cultural and intellectual developments from 1914 to the present.
- 6.3 and 7.6 measured technology by what it produced or enabled; here it is measured by what it makes people argue about.
- That is a different kind of influence, and saying so is the analytical move the objective wants.
创新影响文化,而不只是生产
- 这一目标是1914 年至今,创新与技术进步如何影响了文化与思想的发展。
- 6.3 与 7.6 以技术所生产或使之成为可能之物来衡量它;而在这里,衡量它的是它使人们争论什么。
- 那是另一种影响,而说出这一点,正是这一目标所要求的分析动作。
The objective asks you to explain the influence, not to . · 目标要求你解释这种影响，而不是去。
Do not resolve the question yourself. · 不要自己解决这个问题。
Writing an unsettled question
- Name the technology, name the question it opened, and then say why no camp owns the answer.
- The CED's own three perspectives — religious, political, and philosophical — give you the categories.
- Do not resolve the question yourself; the objective asks you to explain the influence, not to adjudicate.
书写一个未定的问题
- 点出这项技术、点出它所开启的问题,然后说明为何没有哪个阵营拥有答案。
- CED 自己的三种视角——宗教的、政治的与哲学的——为你提供了类别。
- 不要自行解决这个问题;这一目标要求你解释这种影响,而不是作出裁决。
A machine can now keep a body alive that would otherwise have stopped. Whether it should is not a question the machine can answer, and two people who vote the same way, pray the same way, and read the same books can still disagree about it.
一台机器如今可以让一具本会停止的身体维持存活。它是否应该这样做,并不是这台机器能回答的问题,而两个投同样的票、以同样的方式祈祷、读同样的书的人,在这件事上仍然可能意见相左。
Medical theories and technologies extended life but posed social and moral questions that eluded consensus and crossed religious, political, and philosophical perspectives. The questions are unsettled by the CED's own account, and they cross camps rather than dividing along them — which places 9.12 inside 8.1's thread on objective knowledge, reason, and religion's role in determining moral standards, and measures technology by what it makes people argue about.
医学理论与技术延长了生命,却提出了一些社会与道德问题,这些问题难以达成共识,并跨越了宗教的、政治的与哲学的诸种视角。按 CED 自己的说法,这些问题是未定的,而且它们跨越阵营,而不是沿着阵营分开——这就把 9.12 置于 8.1 关于客观知识、理性,以及宗教在确定道德标准中的作用那条线索之内,并以技术使人们争论什么来衡量它。