How the Cold War Ended · 冷战如何终结
Reform designed to preserve
- Following a long period of economic stagnation, Mikhail Gorbachev's internal reforms of perestroika and glasnost, designed to make the Soviet system more flexible, failed to stave off the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of its hegemonic control over Eastern and Central European satellites.
- The CED states the purpose — to make the system more flexible — before stating the outcome.
- So this is not a reform intended to end the system; it is one that failed to save it.
旨在保全的改革
- 在一段漫长的经济停滞之后,米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫的改革与开放这两项内部改革,旨在使苏联体制更具灵活性,却未能阻止苏联的解体,以及它对东欧与中欧卫星国霸权控制的终结。
- CED 先陈述了目的——使体制更具灵活性——然后才陈述结果。
- 因此这不是一场意在终结该体制的改革;而是一场未能挽救它的改革。
Perestroika and glasnost were designed to make the Soviet system... · 改革与开放旨在使苏联体制……
They failed to stave off collapse; that was not their purpose. · 它们未能阻止崩溃;那并不是它们的目的。
Echoes of 6.6's Russian pattern
- 6.6: autocratic reform, including the emancipation of the serfs, gave rise to revolutionary movements and eventually 1905.
- 9.7: reform designed to preserve the system failed to stave off its collapse.
- The CED does not draw the parallel, but the shape is the same and noticing it is legitimate analysis.
6.6 中俄国模式的回响
- 6.6:专制的改革,包括农奴解放,催生了革命运动,并最终导致 1905 年。
- 9.7:旨在保全体制的改革,未能阻止它的崩溃。
- CED 没有画出这条平行线,但形态是相同的,而注意到它是正当的分析。
The collapse of the USSR in ____ ended the Cold War. · ____ 年苏联的解体终结了冷战。
One of the few dates the CED states outright. · 这是 CED 直接说出的少数几个年份之一。
Five consequences, dated
- The collapse of the USSR in 1991 ended the Cold War and led to the establishment of capitalist economies throughout Eastern Europe. Germany was reunited, the Czechs and the Slovaks parted, Yugoslavia dissolved, and the European Union was enlarged through the admission of former Eastern bloc countries.
- Five outcomes in two sentences, and they run from peaceful to violent along the same list.
- 1991 is one of the few dates the CED states outright, so it is worth carrying.
五项后果,有年代
- 1991 年苏联的解体终结了冷战,并导致资本主义经济在整个东欧建立。德国重新统一,捷克人与斯洛伐克人分离,南斯拉夫解体,而欧洲联盟通过接纳前东方阵营国家而扩大。
- 两句话里有五项结果,而它们在同一份清单上从和平走向暴力。
- 1991 年是 CED 直接说出的少数几个年份之一,因此值得记住。
Follow the collapse, and split its ending · 追踪解体,并把结局分成两半
'Peaceful revolution in most countries' is paired with 'violent conflict in some', and students drop the second half. · "多数国家和平革命"与"少数国家暴力冲突"是成对出现的,而学生常常漏掉后一半。
Select all · 所有 four changes to the map the CED names. · 选出 CED 点名的地图上的全部四项变化。
They run from peaceful to violent along the same list. · 它们在同一份清单上从和平走向暴力。
Perestroika and glasnost were designed to make the Soviet system more flexible. The CED states the purpose before the outcome — these were reforms that failed to stave off collapse, not reforms intended to end the system, and reversing that reads the ending back into the intention.
改革与开放旨在使苏联体制更具灵活性。CED 先陈述目的,再陈述结果——它们是未能阻止崩溃的改革,而不是意在终结体制的改革,颠倒这一点,就是把结局读回到了意图之中。
6.6's Russian pattern — reform producing what it meant to prevent — has the same shape. · 6.6 中的俄国模式——改革产生了它本想防止之物——具有相同的形态。
The CED does not draw the parallel, but noticing it is legitimate analysis. · CED 没有画出这条平行线,但注意到它是正当的分析。
Why the same forces gave different outcomes
- 9.4 already said it: new nationalisms brought peaceful revolution in most countries but resulted in instability in some former Soviet republics.
- Reunification, separation and dissolution are three answers to one question — who does this state belong to?
- Writing that sentence explains four of the five outcomes at once.
同样的力量为何给出不同的结果
- 9.4 已经说过:新民族主义在大多数国家带来了和平革命,但在一些前苏联加盟共和国造成了不稳定。
- 统一、分离与解体,是对同一个问题的三种回答——这个国家属于谁?
- 写出这一句,就一次解释了五项结果中的四项。
Reunification, separation and dissolution are three answers to... · 统一、分离与解体,是对……的三种回答
9.4 already said new nationalisms produced both peaceful and unstable outcomes. · 9.4 已经说过,新民族主义既产生了和平的结果,也产生了不稳定的结果。
Causes and effects of an ending
- Causes: a long period of economic stagnation, and reforms that failed to make the system flexible enough.
- Effects: the Cold War ended, capitalist economies established, and four changes to the map.
- The CED supplies both halves in full, so this is a subtopic where quoting closely is the efficient strategy.
一场终结的成因与效果
- 成因:一段漫长的经济停滞,以及未能使体制变得足够灵活的改革。
- 效果:冷战终结、资本主义经济建立,以及地图上的四项变化。
- CED 完整地提供了两半,因此在这个小节里,贴近地引用是高效的策略。
Four states face the same question in the same few years and give four different answers: one joins itself back together, two agree to part, and one comes apart in violence. The question was identical. Only the arrangements inside each state were not.
四个国家在同样的几年里面对同一个问题,给出了四种不同的回答:一个把自己重新合起来,两个同意分开,还有一个在暴力中裂解。问题是同一个。只有每个国家内部的安排不同。
Following a long period of economic stagnation, Gorbachev's internal reforms of perestroika and glasnost, designed to make the Soviet system more flexible, failed to stave off the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of its hegemonic control over Eastern and Central European satellites. The collapse of the USSR in 1991 ended the Cold War and led to the establishment of capitalist economies throughout Eastern Europe. Germany was reunited, the Czechs and the Slovaks parted, Yugoslavia dissolved, and the European Union was enlarged through the admission of former Eastern bloc countries.
在一段漫长的经济停滞之后,戈尔巴乔夫的改革与开放这两项内部改革,旨在使苏联体制更具灵活性,却未能阻止苏联的解体,以及它对东欧与中欧卫星国霸权控制的终结。 1991 年苏联的解体终结了冷战,并导致资本主义经济在整个东欧建立。德国重新统一,捷克人与斯洛伐克人分离,南斯拉夫解体,而欧洲联盟通过接纳前东方阵营国家而扩大。