Why the Second War Came · 第二场战争为何到来
Four ingredients of a catastrophe
- In the interwar period, fascism, extreme nationalism, racist ideologies, and the failure of appeasement resulted in the catastrophe of World War II, presenting a grave challenge to European civilisation.
- Four named factors, and the fourth — the failure of appeasement — is a policy, not an ideology.
- A grave challenge to European civilisation is the CED's own assessment, and it is unusually strong language.
一场灾难的四种成分
- 在两次大战之间的时期,法西斯主义、极端民族主义、种族主义意识形态以及绥靖政策的失败,导致了第二次世界大战的灾难,对欧洲文明构成了严重的挑战。
- 四项被点名的因素,而第四项——绥靖政策的失败——是一项政策,不是一种意识形态。
- 对欧洲文明构成严重的挑战是 CED 自己的评断,而这是异乎寻常强烈的措辞。
Select all · 所有 four factors the CED says resulted in World War II. · 选出 CED 所说导致第二次世界大战的全部四项因素。
The fourth is a policy, not an ideology. · 第四项是一项政策,不是一种意识形态。
Three things that allowed rearmament
- French and British fears of another war, American isolationism, and deep distrust between Western democratic, capitalist nations and the authoritarian, communist Soviet Union allowed fascist states to rearm and expand their territory.
- Allowed is the verb — these are not causes of aggression but removals of obstacles to it.
- So the account has two halves: what drove the aggressors, and what failed to stop them.
三样容许重整军备的东西
- 法国与英国对再来一场战争的恐惧、美国的孤立主义,以及西方民主资本主义国家与专制的共产主义苏联之间的深度不信任,容许了法西斯国家重整军备并扩张领土。
- 容许是那个动词——它们不是侵略的成因,而是清除了阻止侵略的障碍。
- 因此这一叙述有两半:是什么驱动了侵略者,以及是什么未能阻止他们。
'Allowed fascist states to rearm' means those three things... · "容许法西斯国家重整军备"意味着这三样东西……
An account needs both halves. · 一份叙述需要两半。
Why each obstacle failed
- Fears of another war is 8.2's cost recorded honestly: a generation that had seen total war did not want a second.
- American isolationism withdraws the power 8.2 had just named as emerging.
- Deep distrust between the democracies and the USSR is 8.1's three-way ideological battle preventing a two-way alliance.
每个障碍为何失效
- 对再来一场战争的恐惧,是 8.2 的代价被如实记录:见过总体战的一代人不想要第二场。
- 美国的孤立主义抽走了 8.2 刚刚点名为正在崛起的那个强权。
- 民主国家与苏联之间的深度不信任,是 8.1 那场三方意识形态之争阻止了一个双方同盟。
Assemble the causes of the second war · 拼出第二次大战的原因
The CED names four, and the settlement is only one of them. · CED 点名了四项,而和约只是其中之一。
Select all · 所有 three things that allowed rearmament and expansion. · 选出容许重整军备与扩张的全部三样东西。
The Depression is 8.5, a condition for fascism rather than an obstacle. · 大萧条属于 8.5,是法西斯主义的一项条件,而不是一个障碍。
'Allowed' is not the same as 'caused'. French and British fears, American isolationism and deep distrust allowed fascist states to rearm and expand their territory — they removed obstacles rather than supplying motives, so an answer needs both halves: what drove the aggressors and what failed to stop them.
"容许"不等于"导致"。法英的恐惧、美国的孤立主义与深度不信任容许了法西斯国家重整军备并扩张领土——它们清除了障碍,而不是提供了动机,因此答案需要两半:是什么驱动了侵略者,以及是什么未能阻止他们。
Match each failed obstacle to why it failed. · 把每个失效的障碍与它失效的原因配对。
Each traces back to 8.1 or 8.2. · 每一项都可以回溯到 8.1 或 8.2。
Ideological factors, and how to weigh them
- The objective asks how political and ideological factors resulted in catastrophe — both adjectives.
- Ideological: fascism, extreme nationalism, racist ideologies. Political: appeasement, isolationism, distrust.
- A balanced answer names at least one of each and says how they interacted.
意识形态因素,以及如何权衡它们
- 这一目标追问政治与意识形态因素如何导致了灾难——两个形容词都有。
- 意识形态的:法西斯主义、极端民族主义、种族主义意识形态。政治的:绥靖、孤立主义、不信任。
- 一份均衡的答案至少各点出一项,并说明它们如何互动。
The CED calls the war a grave challenge to European ____. · CED 把这场战争称为对欧洲 ____ 的严重挑战。
Unusually strong language for the CED. · 对 CED 而言是异乎寻常强烈的措辞。
Writing the interwar failure
- The structure that works: an aggressor's motive, an obstacle that failed, and the connection between them.
- The connection is usually that the obstacle failed because of something the first war had done.
- That makes 8.7 a continuation of 8.2 and 8.4, which is exactly how the CED has arranged the unit.
书写两次大战之间的失败
- 行之有效的结构是:侵略者的一项动机、一个失效的障碍,以及两者之间的联系。
- 这条联系通常在于:这个障碍之所以失效,是因为第一场战争所做的某件事。
- 这使 8.7 成为 8.2 与 8.4 的延续,而这正是 CED 编排本单元的方式。
A door is unlocked and a room is robbed. The unlocked door explains how the theft was possible, not why anyone wanted what was inside. An account with only one of those is not an account.
一扇门没锁,一个房间被洗劫。没锁的门解释了这场盗窃为何成为可能,而不是为何有人想要里面的东西。只有其中一项的叙述,算不上叙述。
In the interwar period, fascism, extreme nationalism, racist ideologies, and the failure of appeasement resulted in the catastrophe of World War II, presenting a grave challenge to European civilisation. Separately, French and British fears of another war, American isolationism, and deep distrust between Western democratic, capitalist nations and the authoritarian, communist Soviet Union allowed fascist states to rearm and expand their territory — obstacles removed, not motives supplied.
**在两次大战之间的时期,法西斯主义、极端民族主义、种族主义意识形态以及绥靖政策的失败,导致了第二次世界大战的灾难,对欧洲文明构成了严重的挑战。**另外,法国与英国对再来一场战争的恐惧、美国的孤立主义,以及西方民主资本主义国家与专制的共产主义苏联之间的深度不信任,容许了法西斯国家重整军备并扩张领土——这是障碍被清除,而不是动机被提供。