Technology and the Outcome · 技术与结果
Early Axis victories, by method
- Germany's Blitzkrieg warfare in Europe, combined with Japan's attacks in Asia and the Pacific, brought the Axis powers early victories.
- Blitzkrieg is a method, not a weapon — speed and combined arms answering 8.2's trench stalemate.
- And the CED joins two theatres in one sentence, so the war is global from the outset of this account.
轴心国的早期胜利,靠的是方法
- 德国在欧洲的闪电战,结合日本在亚洲与太平洋的进攻,为轴心国带来了早期的胜利。
- 闪电战是一种方法,不是一件武器——用速度与诸兵种合成来回应 8.2 的堑壕僵局。
- 而 CED 在一句话里连接了两个战场,因此在这一叙述中,战争从一开始就是全球性的。
Blitzkrieg is best described as... · 闪电战最准确的描述是...
Answering 8.2's trench stalemate. · 回应8.2的战壕僵局。
Four things that produced Allied victory
- American and British industrial, scientific, and technological power, cooperative military efforts under the strong leadership of individuals such as Winston Churchill, the resistance of civilians, and the all-out military commitment of the USSR contributed critically to the Allied victories.
- Four contributions: industrial capacity, leadership and cooperation, civilian resistance, and the USSR's all-out commitment.
- Contributed critically distributes the credit — the CED refuses to name a single decisive factor.
产生盟军胜利的四样东西
- 美国与英国的工业、科学与技术力量,在温斯顿·丘吉尔等人的强有力领导下的合作性军事努力,平民的抵抗,以及苏联的全力军事投入,对盟军的胜利作出了关键贡献。
- 四项贡献:工业能力、领导与合作、平民的抵抗,以及苏联的全力投入。
- 作出了关键贡献分散了功劳——CED 拒绝点名某个单一的决定性因素。
Select all · 所有 four Allied contributions the CED names. · 选择CED指出的所有四项盟军贡献。
'Contributed critically' distributes the credit. · “做出了关键贡献”分配了功绩。
What military technology made possible
- Military technologies made possible industrialised warfare, genocide, nuclear proliferation, and the risk of global nuclear war.
- The CED puts genocide in a list about technology, and that placement is deliberate and factual.
- It is stating that industrial methods were applied to mass killing, which is what the historical record shows.
军事技术使什么成为可能
- 军事技术使工业化战争、种族灭绝、核扩散与全球核战争的风险成为可能。
- CED 把种族灭绝放在一份关于技术的清单里,而这一安放是有意的,也是符合事实的。
- 它是在陈述:工业方法被应用于大规模杀戮,而这正是历史记录所显示的。
Axis method, Allied contribution, or a lasting consequence? · 轴心国方法、盟军贡献，还是持久后果？
Sort each element of the war's technology. · 对战争技术的每个要素进行分类。
Select all · 所有 the things the CED says military technologies made possible. · 选择CED所述军事技术使哪些事物成为可能。所有选项均需勾选。
Industrial methods applied to mass killing, as the record shows. · 如历史记录所示，将工业化方法应用于大规模杀戮。
The CED refuses to name a single decisive factor. Industrial and scientific power, cooperative military efforts under leaders such as Churchill, the resistance of civilians, and the all-out military commitment of the USSR all contributed critically — the adverb distributes the credit across four contributions, and an answer that keeps only one has narrowed the claim.
CED 拒绝点名某个单一的决定性因素。工业与科学力量、在丘吉尔等领导人之下的合作性军事努力、平民的抵抗,以及苏联的全力军事投入,全都作出了关键贡献——这个副词把功劳分散到四项贡献上,而只保留其中一项的答案,窄化了这项主张。
Two items on that list belong to the decades after 1945, not to the fighting. · 该列表中有两项属于1945年之后的时期，而非战争期间。
The objective says World War II and the 20th century. · 目标涵盖第二次世界大战及整个20世纪。
And what it left behind
- Nuclear proliferation and the risk of global nuclear war belong to the decades after 1945, not to the fighting.
- So this Historical Development reaches past the war into 8.1's polarised state order during the Cold War.
- The objective's own wording — World War II and the 20th century — licenses that reach.
以及它留下了什么
- 核扩散与全球核战争的风险属于 1945 年之后的数十年,而不属于那场作战本身。
- 因此这条历史发展越过了战争,进入 8.1 的冷战期间两极化的国家秩序。
- 这一目标自身的措辞——第二次世界大战与 20 世纪——为这种延伸提供了许可。
An answer crediting only one Allied factor has... · 仅归因于单一盟军因素的答案已...
The CED refuses to name a single decisive factor. · CED拒绝指定单一决定性因素。
Technology and innovation, two ways
- The objective is how technology and innovation affected the course of World War II and the 20th century.
- The course of the war: Blitzkrieg's early victories, then Allied industrial, scientific and technological power.
- The century: industrialised warfare, genocide, nuclear proliferation, and the risk that outlasted the war.
技术与创新,两种方式
- 这一目标是技术与创新如何影响了第二次世界大战的进程与 20 世纪。
- 战争的进程:闪电战的早期胜利,继而是盟军的工业、科学与技术力量。
- 这个世纪:工业化战争、种族灭绝、核扩散,以及比战争更长久的那种风险。
A method that wins the first year of a war can lose the fifth, because a method can be studied and a factory cannot be out-thought. Which is why an account of victory that stops at tactics stops too early.
一种能赢得战争第一年的方法,可能会输掉第五年,因为一种方法可以被研究,而一座工厂无法被智取。这正是一份止于战术的胜利叙述停得太早的原因。
Germany's Blitzkrieg warfare, combined with Japan's attacks in Asia and the Pacific, brought the Axis powers early victories, while American and British industrial, scientific, and technological power, cooperative military efforts under leaders such as Churchill, the resistance of civilians, and the all-out military commitment of the USSR contributed critically to the Allied victories. Military technologies made possible industrialised warfare, genocide, nuclear proliferation, and the risk of global nuclear war — a reach past 1945 into the Cold War order.
德国的闪电战,结合日本在亚洲与太平洋的进攻,为轴心国带来了早期胜利,而美国与英国的工业、科学与技术力量,在丘吉尔等领导人之下的合作性军事努力,平民的抵抗,以及苏联的全力军事投入,对盟军的胜利作出了关键贡献。军事技术使工业化战争、种族灭绝、核扩散与全球核战争的风险成为可能——这一延伸越过 1945 年,进入冷战秩序。