Fascism and Stalinism · 法西斯主义与斯大林主义
Fascism's roots and its four conditions
- The ideology of fascism, with roots in the pre-World War I era, gained popularity in an environment of postwar bitterness, the rise of communism, uncertain transitions to democracy, and economic instability.
- Roots in the pre-World War I era matters: the ideology existed before the conditions that made it popular.
- So an answer must separate origin from popularity — four conditions explain the second, not the first.
法西斯主义的根源与它的四项条件
- 法西斯主义的意识形态,其根源在第一次世界大战之前的时代,在战后的怨恨、共产主义的兴起、通往民主的不确定转型与经济不稳定的环境中获得了流行。
- 根源在第一次世界大战之前的时代很重要:这套意识形态在使它流行的那些条件之前就已存在。
- 因此答案必须把起源与流行分开——四项条件解释的是后者,不是前者。
Select all · 所有 four conditions in which fascism gained popularity. · 选择法西斯主义获得流行度的所有四个条件。
They explain its spread, not its origin. · 它们解释了其传播，而非起源。
The four conditions, each traceable
- Postwar bitterness comes from 8.4's settlement that satisfied few.
- The rise of communism comes from 8.3's regime based on Marxist-Leninist theory.
- Uncertain transitions to democracy and economic instability come from the war's aftermath and 8.5's Depression.
四项条件,每一项都可追溯
- 战后的怨恨来自 8.4 那份令少数人满意的安排。
- 共产主义的兴起来自 8.3 那个建立在马克思列宁主义理论之上的政权。
- 通往民主的不确定转型与经济不稳定来自战争的后续以及 8.5 的大萧条。
The CED dates fascism's roots to... · CED将法西斯主义的根源定位于...
The ideology existed before the conditions that made it popular. · 该意识形态存在于使其流行的条件出现之前。
Stalin's programme, and its price
- After Lenin's death, Stalin undertook a centralised programme of rapid economic modernisation, often with severe repercussions for the population.
- Stalin's economic modernisation of the Soviet Union came at a high price, including the liquidation of the kulaks (the land-owning peasantry) and other perceived enemies of the state, devastating famine in the Ukraine, purges of political rivals, and, ultimately, the creation of an oppressive political system.
- The CED itemises the price in five parts and calls the result an oppressive political system.
斯大林的方案,以及它的代价
- 在列宁去世之后,斯大林推行了一套快速经济现代化的中央集权方案,常常给民众带来严重的后果。
- 斯大林对苏联的经济现代化付出了高昂代价,包括对富农(拥有土地的农民)与其他被视为国家敌人者的清算、乌克兰的毁灭性饥荒、对政治对手的清洗,以及最终一个压迫性政治体制的形成。
- CED 把这一代价分五个部分逐项列出,并把结果称为一个压迫性政治体制。
A root, a condition, or a consequence of Stalin's programme? · 斯大林计划的根源、条件还是结果？
Sort each element of the interwar regimes. · 对两次世界大战期间的政权的每个要素进行分类。
Select all · 所有 the elements of the price the CED itemises for Stalin's modernisation. · 选择CED列举的斯大林现代化所付出的代价的所有要素。
Five parts, and a named result. · 五个部分，以及一个有名称的结果。
Origin and popularity are two different questions. Fascism had roots in the pre-World War I era but gained popularity in an environment of postwar bitterness, the rise of communism, uncertain transitions to democracy and economic instability — so the four conditions explain why it spread, not where it came from.
起源与流行是两个不同的问题。法西斯主义的根源在第一次世界大战之前的时代,但它是在战后的怨恨、共产主义的兴起、通往民主的不确定转型与经济不稳定的环境中获得流行的——因此这四项条件解释的是它为何传播,而不是它从哪里来。
Stalin undertook a ____ programme of rapid economic modernisation. · 斯大林发起了一项____快速经济现代化计划。
Often with severe repercussions for the population. · 往往给民众带来严重后果。
Two regimes, one CED subtopic
- 8.6 carries two objectives — fascist and totalitarian regimes, and the consequences of Stalin's rule.
- The CED places them together without merging them: they have different origins and different doctrines.
- What they share is placement in 8.1's thread on conflicting conceptions of the relationship between the individual and the state.
两个政权,同一个 CED 小节
- 8.6 承载两个目标——法西斯与极权政权,以及斯大林统治的后果。
- CED 把它们放在一起,却没有把它们合而为一:它们有不同的起源与不同的学说。
- 它们共有的,是在 8.1 关于个人与国家关系的相互冲突的构想那条线索中的位置。
Match each condition to where it came from in this course. · 将每种状况与本课程中的出处匹配。
Each condition is traceable to an earlier subtopic. · 每种状况均可追溯至较早的子主题。
Factors and consequences
- Factors is the word for fascism: four conditions plus a pre-war root, and none of them is sufficient alone.
- Consequences is the word for Stalin: the CED lists five and names the system they produced.
- Matching your vocabulary to the CED's is the cheapest way to answer the question actually asked.
诸因素与后果
- 诸因素是用于法西斯主义的词:四项条件加上一个战前的根源,而其中任何一项单独都不充分。
- 后果是用于斯大林的词:CED 列出了五项,并点名了它们所产生的那个体制。
- 让你的用词与 CED 的相匹配,是回答真正被问到的那个问题的最省力方式。
An argument can sit unread for twenty years and then be picked up in a single season. What changed is not the argument but the number of people for whom it now explains their situation. Dating an ideology by its popularity confuses the two.
一套论证可以无人问津二十年,然后在一个季节里被拾起。改变的不是这套论证,而是如今能被它解释自身处境的人数。用流行程度来给一套意识形态定年,就是混淆了这两者。
Fascism, with roots in the pre-World War I era, gained popularity in an environment of postwar bitterness, the rise of communism, uncertain transitions to democracy, and economic instability — four conditions explaining its spread, not its origin. After Lenin's death, Stalin undertook a centralised programme of rapid economic modernisation, often with severe repercussions for the population, at a high price the CED itemises: liquidation of the kulaks and other perceived enemies of the state, devastating famine in the Ukraine, purges of political rivals, and an oppressive political system.
法西斯主义的根源在第一次世界大战之前的时代,并在战后的怨恨、共产主义的兴起、通往民主的不确定转型与经济不稳定的环境中获得流行——四项条件解释的是它的传播,而非它的起源。在列宁去世之后,斯大林推行了一套快速经济现代化的中央集权方案,常常给民众带来严重后果,并付出了 CED 逐项列出的高昂代价:对富农与其他被视为国家敌人者的清算、乌克兰的毁灭性饥荒、对政治对手的清洗,以及一个压迫性政治体制。