The First World War · 第一次世界大战
Long and short causes, immense effects
- World War I, caused by a complex interaction of long- and short-term factors, resulted in immense losses and disruptions for both victors and vanquished.
- Complex interaction rules out a single-cause answer, and long- and short-term tells you the two shelves to draw from.
- For both victors and vanquished is the sentence's real teaching: winning did not spare a state the losses.
长短期成因,巨大的后果
- 第一次世界大战由长期与短期因素的复杂互动所引起,给战胜者与战败者双方都带来了巨大的损失与破坏。
- 复杂互动排除了单一成因的答案,而长期与短期告诉你可以从哪两层取材。
- 给战胜者与战败者双方才是这句话真正的教诲:获胜并没有让一个国家免于损失。
'A complex interaction of long- and short-term factors' rules out... · "长期与短期因素的复杂互动"排除了……
It tells you the two shelves to draw from. · 它告诉你可以从哪两层取材。
Technology confounded strategy
- New technologies confounded traditional military strategies and led to trench warfare and massive troop losses.
- Confounded is precise: the strategies were not merely outdated, they were defeated by conditions they could not read.
- Unit 6's industry supplied the technologies, so the war's character is an industrial consequence.
技术挫败了战略
- 新技术挫败了传统军事战略,并导致了堑壕战与大规模的兵员损失。
- 挫败很精确:那些战略不只是过时,而是被它们无法解读的条件所击败。
- 第六单元的工业提供了这些技术,因此这场战争的性质是一项工业后果。
The CED says the war brought immense losses for both victors and vanquished. · CED 说这场战争给战胜者与战败者双方都带来了巨大的损失。
Winning did not spare a state the losses. · 获胜并没有让一个国家免于损失。
Stalemate produced revolution
- The effects of military stalemate, national mobilisation, and total war led to protest and insurrection in the belligerent nations and eventually to revolutions that changed the international balance of power.
- Three causes at the front and at home, one chain of consequence: protest → insurrection → revolution → a changed balance of power.
- So the war did not merely precede the Russian Revolution; the CED makes it a cause.
僵局产生了革命
- 军事僵局、全国动员与总体战的种种效应,在交战国内部导致了抗议与起事,并最终导致了改变国际均势的革命。
- 前线与后方的三项原因,一条后果链:抗议 → 起事 → 革命 → 均势的改变。
- 因此这场战争不只是发生在俄国革命之前;CED 把它当作一项成因。
Follow technology to total war · 从技术走到总体战
Technology, then stalemate, then mobilisation — the 'because' at each step is what is marked. · 技术,继而僵局,继而动员——每一步的"因为"才是得分点。
New technologies ____ traditional military strategies. · 新技术 ____ 了传统军事战略。
Not merely outdated — defeated by conditions they could not read. · 不只是过时——而是被它们无法解读的条件所击败。
"For both victors and vanquished" is the sentence's real teaching. The war resulted in immense losses and disruptions on both sides — so an answer that treats the victors as unaffected has missed what the CED chose to say in a single clause.
"给战胜者与战败者双方"才是这句话真正的教诲。这场战争给双方都带来了巨大的损失与破坏——因此把战胜者当作未受影响的答案,错过了 CED 在一个从句里特意说出的东西。
Put the CED's chain from stalemate to a changed balance in order. · 把 CED 从僵局到均势改变的链条排序。
The CED makes the war a cause of the Russian Revolution. · CED 把这场战争当作俄国革命的一项成因。
A European war becomes a world war
- The war in Europe quickly spread to non-European theatres, transforming the war into a global conflict.
- The relationship of Europe to the world shifted significantly with the globalisation of the conflict, the emergence of the United States as a world power, and the overthrow of European empires.
- Three shifts in one sentence, and the third — the overthrow of European empires — is the largest claim in the unit.
一场欧洲战争变成一场世界大战
- 欧洲的战争迅速扩散到非欧洲战场,把这场战争变成了一场全球冲突。
- 随着冲突的全球化、美国作为世界强国的崛起,以及欧洲各帝国的被推翻,欧洲与世界的关系发生了显著转变。
- 一句话里有三项转变,而第三项——欧洲各帝国的被推翻——是本单元中最大的一项主张。
Select all · 所有 three shifts in Europe's relationship to the world. · 选出欧洲与世界关系的全部三项转变。
The Concert belongs to 6.5, and had already broken down. · 协调体系属于 6.5,而且早已崩解。
Three objectives, three questions
- 8.2 carries causes and effects, how new technology altered the conduct, and how developments changed political and diplomatic interactions.
- They are separable: causes and effects, the character of the fighting, and the diplomatic aftermath.
- Reading which one a prompt is asking is half the work of answering it.
三个目标,三个问题
- 8.2 承载着成因与效果、新技术如何改变了战争的进行方式,以及这些发展如何改变了政治与外交互动。
- 它们是可以分开的:成因与效果、作战的性质,以及外交上的后续。
- 读出一道题在问哪一个,就完成了作答工作的一半。
A strategy written for movement meets a weapon that makes movement fatal. Neither side can advance and neither can withdraw, so both dig. What follows is not a failure of nerve but a correct response to conditions no plan had allowed for.
一套为运动而写的战略,遇上了一种使运动变得致命的武器。任何一方都无法前进,也无法后撤,于是双方都挖起壕沟。随之而来的不是胆怯,而是对任何计划都未曾预料的条件所作的正确反应。
World War I, caused by a complex interaction of long- and short-term factors, resulted in immense losses and disruptions for both victors and vanquished. New technologies confounded traditional military strategies and led to trench warfare and massive troop losses; stalemate, national mobilisation and total war led to protest, insurrection and eventually revolutions that changed the international balance of power; and the war's globalisation brought the emergence of the United States as a world power and the overthrow of European empires.
第一次世界大战由长期与短期因素的复杂互动所引起,给战胜者与战败者双方都带来了巨大的损失与破坏。 新技术挫败了传统军事战略,并导致了堑壕战与大规模兵员损失;僵局、全国动员与总体战导致了抗议、起事,并最终导致改变国际均势的革命;而战争的全球化带来了美国作为世界强国的崛起与欧洲各帝国的被推翻。