The Russian Revolution · 俄国革命
A regime founded on a theory
- The Russian Revolution created a regime based on Marxist-Leninist theory.
- One short sentence, and the operative phrase is based on — the CED ties the state to a body of doctrine.
- 6.7's Marx supplied the critique; this is the first time a state is built on it.
一个建立在理论之上的政权
- 俄国革命创建了一个建立在马克思列宁主义理论之上的政权。
- 一句短句,而关键短语是建立在……之上——CED 把这个国家与一套学说联系起来。
- 6.7 的马克思提供了批判;而这是第一次有国家建立在它之上。
The CED says the revolution created a regime based on -Leninist theory. · CED称该革命建立了一个基于-列宁主义理论的政权。
6.7's Marx supplied the critique; this is the first state built on it. · 6.7中的马克思提供了批判；这是第一个基于此理论建立的国家。
Causes, from two directions
- 6.6 supplies the long-term line: autocratic reform, including the emancipation of the serfs, gave rise to revolutionary movements and eventually the Russian Revolution of 1905.
- 8.2 supplies the short-term line: stalemate, national mobilisation and total war led to protest and insurrection.
- So the causes of 1917 are a long Russian story meeting a European war, and both are already in the CED.
来自两个方向的成因
- 6.6 提供了长期的线索:专制的改革,包括农奴解放,催生了革命运动,并最终导致 1905 年的俄国革命。
- 8.2 提供了短期的线索:僵局、全国动员与总体战导致了抗议与起事。
- 因此 1917 年的成因,是一个漫长的俄国故事与一场欧洲战争相遇,而两者都已经写在 CED 里。
The long-term line of causation comes from... · 长期因果链来自...
Including the emancipation of the serfs and eventually 1905. · 包括农奴解放及后来的1905年事件。
Effects, at home and abroad
- At home: a regime built on doctrine, which 8.6 will follow into Stalin's centralised programme.
- Abroad: 8.2 already told you that the revolutions changed the international balance of power.
- And 8.6 names the rise of communism as one condition in which fascism gained popularity — so this revolution is a cause of that.
国内与国外的效果
- 国内:一个建立在学说之上的政权,8.6 将追随它进入斯大林的中央集权计划。
- 国外:8.2 已经告诉你,这些革命改变了国际均势。
- 而 8.6 把共产主义的兴起列为法西斯主义得以流行的条件之一——因此这场革命是那件事的一项成因。
Long-term cause, short-term cause, or effect? · 长期原因、短期原因还是结果？
Sort each element of the Russian Revolution. · 对俄国革命的每个要素进行分类。
One international effect the CED supports is that... · CED支持的一个国际影响是...
8.2 states it directly. · 8.2直接陈述了这一点。
A thin subtopic is not a small one. The CED gives 8.3 a single Historical Development, so the causes and effects must be assembled from 6.6 (reform giving rise to revolutionary movements and 1905), 8.2 (stalemate and total war leading to insurrection) and 8.6 (the rise of communism as a condition for fascism).
内容单薄的小节并不等于小的小节。CED 只给 8.3 一条历史发展,因此成因与效果必须从6.6(改革催生革命运动与 1905 年)、8.2(僵局与总体战导致起事)与8.6(共产主义的兴起作为法西斯主义的一项条件)中拼起来。
8.6 names the rise of communism as one condition in which fascism gained popularity. · 8.6将共产主义的兴起列为法西斯主义获得流行度的条件之一。
So this revolution is a cause of that development. · 因此这场革命是该发展的原因。
Why a doctrinal state is a new thing
- 3.7's absolutism claimed divine sanction; 4.3's contract claimed consent; this claims a theory of history.
- That places the regime inside 8.1's thread about conflicting conceptions of the relationship between the individual and the state.
- So the Russian Revolution belongs to the ideological thread, not only the military one.
为何一个学说型国家是新事物
- 3.7 的专制主义诉诸神授;4.3 的契约诉诸同意;而这一个诉诸一套历史理论。
- 这就把该政权置于 8.1 关于个人与国家关系的相互冲突的构想那条线索之内。
- 因此俄国革命属于意识形态那条线索,而不只是军事那条。
A regime based on a theory of history differs from earlier states because it claims... · 基于历史理论的政权不同于之前的国家，因为它声称拥有...
Which places it inside 8.1's individual-and-state thread. · 这将其置于8.1个人与国家主题线之内。
Causes and effects, in one paragraph
- The objective is the causes and effects of the Russian Revolution, and the CED gives only one Historical Development.
- So the material must be assembled from 6.6, 8.2 and 8.6 — a reminder that a thin subtopic is not a small one.
- Name a long-term cause, a short-term cause, a domestic effect and an international effect: four sentences.
成因与效果,写在一段里
- 这一目标是俄国革命的成因与效果,而 CED 只给出了一条历史发展。
- 因此材料必须从 6.6、8.2 与 8.6 中拼起来——这提醒我们,内容单薄的小节并不等于小的小节。
- 点出一项长期成因、一项短期成因、一项国内效果与一项国际效果:四句话。
A state that justifies itself by divine right can be argued with on theological ground; one that justifies itself by consent can be argued with at an election. A state that justifies itself by a theory of history has moved the argument to a place where disagreement looks like error.
一个以神授权利为自身辩护的国家,可以在神学层面上与之争辩;一个以同意为自身辩护的国家,可以在选举中与之争辩。而一个以一套历史理论为自身辩护的国家,则把争论挪到了一个地方,在那里,异议看上去像是错误。
The Russian Revolution created a regime based on Marxist-Leninist theory — the first state built on 6.7's critique. Its causes run in two lines: the long one from reform and the emancipation of the serfs giving rise to revolutionary movements and 1905, and the short one from stalemate, national mobilisation and total war. Its effects reach abroad — the revolutions changed the international balance of power, and the rise of communism became a condition for fascism.
俄国革命创建了一个建立在马克思列宁主义理论之上的政权——第一个建立在 6.7 那套批判之上的国家。它的成因有两条线:长的一条来自改革与农奴解放催生革命运动与 1905 年,短的一条来自僵局、全国动员与总体战。它的效果延伸到国外——这些革命改变了国际均势,而共产主义的兴起成为法西斯主义的一项条件。