Four Threads for a Century · 世纪的四条主题线
The course's last set of claims
- Total war and political instability in the first half of the 20th century gave way to a polarised state order during the Cold War and eventually to efforts at transnational union.
- The stresses of economic collapse and total war engendered internal conflicts within European states and created conflicting conceptions of the relationship between the individual and the state, as demonstrated in the ideological battle between and among democracy, communism, and fascism.
- Diverse intellectual and cultural movements questioned the existence of objective knowledge, the ability of reason to arrive at truth, and the role of religion in determining moral standards.
本课程最后一组主张
- 20 世纪上半叶的总体战与政治动荡,让位于冷战期间两极化的国家秩序,并最终让位于跨国联合的种种努力。
- 经济崩溃与总体战的压力,在欧洲各国内部引发了冲突,并造就了关于个人与国家关系的相互冲突的构想,这体现在民主、共产主义与法西斯主义之间及其内部的意识形态之争中。
- 多种思想与文化运动质疑客观知识的存在、理性抵达真理的能力,以及宗教在确定道德标准中的作用。
'Total war' means a war in which the state mobilises... · “总体战”指国家动员...的战争
Labour, industry, food and opinion, not only an army. · 劳工、工业、粮食和舆论，而不仅限于军队。
And a fourth, about everyday life
- Demographic changes, economic growth, total war, disruptions of traditional social patterns, and competing definitions of freedom and justice altered the experiences of everyday life.
- Five causes listed for one effect — the CED is signalling that daily life has multiple, simultaneous drivers.
- 6.1's everyday-life thread returns, now with war and competing definitions of freedom added to it.
还有第四条,关于日常生活
- 人口变化、经济增长、总体战、传统社会模式的破裂,以及关于自由与正义的相互竞争的定义,改变了日常生活的经验。
- 为一个效应列出五项原因——CED 在示意日常生活有多重的、同时起作用的驱动力。
- 6.1 中日常生活那条线索回来了,如今加上了战争与关于自由的竞争性定义。
Select all · 所有 three ideologies in the CED's battle. · 选择CED战役中的所有三种意识形态。
'Between and among' also allows conflict within each camp. · “between and among”也允许每个阵营内部的冲突。
'Total war' is a technical term here
- It means a war in which the state mobilises the whole society — labour, industry, food, opinion — not only an army.
- That is why the CED can put total war in the same sentence as internal conflict and everyday life.
- A war of that kind changes the state whether it is won or lost, which is 8.2's central point.
"总体战"在这里是一个专门术语
- 它指的是一种国家动员整个社会的战争——劳动力、工业、食物、舆论——而不只是一支军队。
- 这正是 CED 能够把总体战与内部冲突、日常生活写在同一句话里的原因。
- 那种战争无论胜负都会改变国家,而这正是 8.2 的核心论点。
Select all · 所有 the forces the CED says altered everyday life. · 选择CED提到的改变日常生活的所有力量。
Five causes for one effect — multiple simultaneous drivers. · 单一结果的五个原因——多个并行驱动因素。
The CED names three ideologies, not two. The battle is between and among democracy, communism, and fascism — and "among" allows for conflict within each camp as well as between them, so a two-sided account of the century has dropped a dimension the CED kept.
CED 点出的是三种意识形态,不是两种。这场斗争是在民主、共产主义与法西斯主义之间及其内部——而"其内部"也容许每个阵营内部的冲突,因此把这个世纪写成两方对抗的叙述,丢掉了 CED 保留的一个维度。
Which of unit 8's threads? · 属于第8单元的哪条主题线？
Sort each statement into its thread. · 将每个陈述归类到其所属线索。
Total war and instability gave way to a ____ state order during the Cold War. · 冷战期间，总体战和不稳定让位于____国家秩序。
And eventually to efforts at transnational union. · 并最终走向跨国联合的努力。
An ideological battle among three
- Between and among democracy, communism, and fascism — the CED names three, not two.
- The extra phrase and among allows for conflict within each camp as well as between them.
- So an answer that reduces the century to a two-sided contest has lost a dimension the CED preserved.
三者之间的意识形态之争
- 民主、共产主义与法西斯主义之间及其内部——CED 点出的是三者,不是两者。
- 多出来的及其内部一语,也容许每个阵营内部的冲突,而不只是阵营之间。
- 因此把这个世纪化约为一场两方对抗的答案,丢掉了 CED 所保留的一个维度。
The conditions named here were all in place before 1914. · 此处提到的条件在1914年之前均已具备。
That is what makes them context rather than cause. · 这正是它们构成背景而非原因的原因。
Writing the context
- The objective is the context in which global conflict developed in the 20th century.
- Conditions: unit 7's alliance system and Balkan crises, industrial capacity capable of total war, and no shared standard for settling disputes.
- Each of those was already in place before 1914 — that is what makes it context rather than cause.
书写语境
- 这一目标是20 世纪全球冲突得以发展的语境。
- 条件:第七单元的同盟体系与巴尔干危机、足以支撑总体战的工业能力,以及没有解决争端的共同标准。
- 其中每一项在 1914 年之前就已就位——这正是它之所以是语境而非原因的原因。
A state that must feed, arm, employ and persuade an entire population in order to fight has taken on powers it will not readily give back. The war ends; the ministries do not close. That is why total war belongs in a sentence about the individual and the state.
一个为了作战必须给全体人口提供食物、武装、就业并加以说服的国家,已经获得了它不会轻易交还的权力。战争结束了;那些部门并没有关门。这正是总体战出现在一句关于个人与国家的话里的原因。
Unit 8 opens four threads: total war and political instability gave way to a polarised state order and eventually to efforts at transnational union; economic collapse and total war created conflicting conceptions of the relationship between the individual and the state, seen in the battle between and among democracy, communism, and fascism; movements questioned objective knowledge, reason and religion's moral role; and five named forces altered the experiences of everyday life.
第八单元开启四条线索:总体战与政治动荡让位于两极化的国家秩序,并最终让位于跨国联合的努力;经济崩溃与总体战造就了关于个人与国家关系的相互冲突的构想,体现于民主、共产主义与法西斯主义之间及其内部的斗争;各种运动质疑客观知识、理性与宗教的道德作用;而五项被点名的力量改变了日常生活的经验。