Stability, Empire and Doubt · 稳定、帝国与怀疑
Three threads for one century
- European states struggled to maintain international stability in an age of nationalism and revolutions.
- A variety of motives and methods led to the intensification of European global control and increased tensions among the Great Powers.
- European ideas and culture expressed a tension between objectivity and scientific realism on one hand, and subjectivity and individual expression on the other.
一个世纪的三条线索
- 欧洲各国在一个民族主义与革命的时代里,艰难地维持国际稳定。
- 多种动机与方法导致了欧洲全球控制的强化,以及列强之间紧张关系的加剧。
- 欧洲的思想与文化表达了一种张力:一方面是客观性与科学现实主义,另一方面是主观性与个人表达。
The CED's verb for maintaining international stability is... · CED用于维持国际稳定的动词是……
It concedes the outcome in advance. · 它提前承认了结果。
The first thread admits difficulty
- Struggled is the CED's verb, and it concedes the outcome in advance.
- 6.5's Concert had already broken down in 1848; this unit asks what replaced it.
- The answer — alliances, unifications and crises — is what 7.3 will trace to 1914.
第一条线索承认了困难
- 艰难地(struggled)是 CED 用的动词,它预先承认了结局。
- 6.5 的协调体系已在 1848 年崩解;本单元追问的是什么取代了它。
- 答案——同盟、统一与危机——正是 7.3 将一路追溯到 1914 年之物。
'Intensification of European global control' implies... · ‘欧洲全球控制 intensification（强化）’意味着……
3.4's network is being tightened, not invented. · 3.4的网络正在被收紧，而非被发明。
The second thread joins empire to rivalry
- Intensification implies existing control, not a beginning: 3.4's network is being tightened, not invented.
- And the CED puts the consequence in the same sentence: increased tensions among the Great Powers.
- So imperialism in this course is never only an overseas story.
第二条线索把帝国与对抗连在一起
- 强化意味着控制原本就存在,而不是开端:3.4 的网络在被收紧,而不是被发明。
- 而 CED 把后果写在同一句话里:列强之间紧张关系的加剧。
- 因此在本课程中,帝国主义从来不只是一个海外的故事。
Which of unit 7's threads? · 属于第7单元的哪个主线？
Sort each statement into its thread. · 将每个陈述归类到其所属线索。
Select both · 两者 poles of the CED's cultural tension. · 选择CED文化张力的两个极点。
A see-saw, not progress in one direction. · 跷跷板，而非单向进步。
The third thread is a tension, not a direction. The CED sets objectivity and scientific realism against subjectivity and individual expression — describing the century as steady progress toward science misses that modernism arrives precisely when confidence in objectivity is lost.
第三条线索是一种张力,不是一个方向。CED 把客观性与科学现实主义同主观性与个人表达对置——把这个世纪描述为稳步走向科学的进步,会错过这一点:现代主义恰恰是在对客观性的信心失落之时到来的。
The CED puts increased Great-Power tension in the same sentence as intensified global control. · CED将大国紧张局势加剧置于与全球控制强化同一句中。
So imperialism in this course is never only an overseas story. · 因此在本课程中，帝国主义绝不仅仅是海外故事。
The third thread is a tension, not a winner
- Objectivity and scientific realism on one hand, subjectivity and individual expression on the other — the CED sets them against each other.
- 5.8's Romanticism is one pole; 7.5's positivism is the other; and modernism arrives when confidence in objectivity is lost.
- So the intellectual story is a see-saw, and describing it as progress toward science misreads the claim.
第三条线索是一种张力,不是一个赢家
- 一方面是客观性与科学现实主义,另一方面是主观性与个人表达——CED 把它们相互对置。
- 5.8 的浪漫主义是一极;7.5 的实证主义是另一极;而当对客观性的信心失落时,现代主义到来。
- 因此这段思想史是一架跷跷板,把它描述为通往科学的进步,会误读这一主张。
The Concert of Europe had already broken down in ____. · 欧洲协调体系早在____就已经瓦解。
This unit asks what replaced it. · 本单元探讨什么取代了它。
Writing the context
- The objective is the context in which nationalistic and imperialistic sentiments developed.
- Conditions: a broken system of collective security, industrial capacity looking for markets and materials, and a culture arguing about what counts as knowledge.
- Name each condition and what it made possible — one sentence each is enough.
书写语境
- 这一目标是民族主义与帝国主义情绪得以发展的语境。
- 条件:一个破损的集体安全体系、寻找市场与原料的工业能力,以及一种就何为知识而争论的文化。
- 点出每一项条件以及它使什么成为可能——每项一句话就够了。
A system built in 1815 to prevent upheaval has already failed once by 1848. What replaces it is not a better system but a set of private arrangements between powers, each aimed at a particular rival. That is a different kind of order, and it fails differently.
一个 1815 年为防止动荡而建立的体系,到 1848 年已经失败过一次。取代它的不是一个更好的体系,而是列强之间的一套私下安排,每一项都针对某个特定的对手。那是另一种秩序,而它失败的方式也不同。
Unit 7 opens three threads: European states struggled to maintain international stability in an age of nationalism and revolutions; a variety of motives and methods led to the intensification of European global control and increased tensions among the Great Powers; and ideas and culture expressed a tension between objectivity and scientific realism on one hand, and subjectivity and individual expression on the other.
第七单元开启三条线索:欧洲各国在民族主义与革命的时代里艰难地维持国际稳定;多种动机与方法导致了欧洲全球控制的强化与列强间紧张关系的加剧;以及思想与文化表达了一种张力:一方面是客观性与科学现实主义,另一方面是主观性与个人表达。