What Industry Changed · 工业带来了什么变化
The three threads, measured again
- The Industrial Revolution spread from Great Britain to the continent, where the state played a greater role in promoting industry.
- The experiences of everyday life were shaped by industrialisation, depending on the level of industrial development in a particular location.
- Political revolutions and the complications resulting from industrialisation triggered a range of ideological, governmental, and collective responses.
再一次被测量的三条线索
- 工业革命自大不列颠传播到欧洲大陆,而在那里国家在推动工业方面发挥了更大的作用。
- 日常生活的经验被工业化所塑造,其程度取决于某一具体地点的工业发展水平。
- 政治革命以及工业化所带来的复杂问题,触发了一系列意识形态的、政府的与集体的回应。
The influence of innovation is best measured in... · 创新的影响力最好在……中衡量
Factory, railway, global network, then greater scale and complexity again. · 工厂、铁路、全球网络，然后是更大规模与复杂性的再次提升。
Innovation changed the scale of everything
- Mechanisation made the factory the predominant mode of production; railways made the national economy a single market.
- The second industrial revolution then raised scale and complexity again, and added mass consumption.
- So the influence of innovation is measured in orders of magnitude, not in inventions listed.
创新改变了一切的尺度
- 机械化使工厂成为占主导地位的生产方式;铁路使国民经济成为一个单一市场。
- 随后第二次工业革命再次抬高了规模与复杂性,并加上了大众消费。
- 因此创新的影响是以数量级来衡量的,而不是以所罗列的发明来衡量。
The CED gives everyday life its own thread rather than treating it as a by-product. · CED让日常生活拥有独立的主线，而非将其视为副产品。
Class, family and migration are not side-effects of economics here. · 在这里，阶级、家庭和移民不是经济的副作用。
And it changed who people were
- Divisions of labour produced self-conscious classes; migration produced cities and emptied districts.
- Family life, marriage and leisure reorganised around the household rather than the workshop or the village.
- So the social change is not a by-product of the economic change; the CED gives it its own thread.
它也改变了人们是谁
- 劳动分工产生了具有自我意识的阶级;迁移造就了城市,也掏空了一些地区。
- 家庭生活、婚姻与闲暇围绕家庭而非作坊或村庄重新组织起来。
- 因此社会变化不是经济变化的副产品;CED 给了它自己的一条线索。
Economic, social, or political? · 经济上、社会上还是政治上？
Sort each change industry brought by 1914. · 对1914年工业带来的每项变化进行排序。
The deepest political change is the expansion of what government is ____. · 最深刻的政治变革是政府____范围的扩大。
Sewers, schools, police and inspection in 1914; none of them in 1815. · 1914年的下水道、学校、警察和检查制度；而在1815年则完全没有。
Social change is a thread, not a by-product. The CED gives everyday life its own claim — the experiences of everyday life were shaped by industrialisation, depending on the level of industrial development in a particular location — so an answer that treats class, family and migration as side-effects of economics has demoted one of the unit's three threads.
**社会变化是一条线索,不是副产品。**CED 给日常生活自己的一项主张——日常生活的经验被工业化所塑造,其程度取决于某一具体地点的工业发展水平——因此把阶级、家庭与迁移当作经济的副作用来处理的答案,把本单元三条线索之一降了级。
Select all · 所有 the continuities this lesson names. · 选择本课提到的所有连续性。
The change is in scale, self-awareness and expectation. · 变化体现在规模、自我意识和期望上。
And what people demanded of the state
- Four ideologies, a wave of revolutions, organised movements, and a liberalism that changed its mind about intervention.
- By 1914 the state does things — sewers, schools, police, inspection — that in 1815 it did not.
- That expansion of what government is for is the deepest political change of the unit.
以及人们向国家要求什么
- 四种意识形态、一波革命、有组织的运动,以及一种改变了对干预看法的自由主义。
- 到 1914 年,国家做着 1815 年时它并不做的事情——下水道、学校、警察、稽查。
- 政府之"用途"的这种扩张,是本单元最深刻的政治变化。
A strong answer to this objective gives... · 针对此目标的强答案给出……
Change without continuity reads as rupture. · 没有延续性的变化读作断裂。
Writing the influence of innovation
- The objective is the influence of innovations and technological developments in Europe from 1815 to 1914.
- Give an economic influence, a social one and a political one, and name a continuity for each.
- Agriculture persisted, classes did not vanish, monarchy remained — the change is in scale, self-awareness and expectation.
书写创新的影响
- 这一目标是1815 至 1914 年间欧洲创新与技术发展的影响。
- 给出一项经济影响、一项社会影响与一项政治影响,并为每一项点出一项延续。
- 农业存续、阶级并未消失、君主制仍在——变化在于规模、自我意识与期望。
Compare a state's list of duties in 1815 and in 1914. The later list includes drains, schoolrooms, factory inspectors and a police force. Nothing about the borders has to change for that to be the larger transformation.
比较一个国家在 1815 年与 1914 年的职责清单。较晚的那份清单包含了下水道、教室、工厂稽查员与一支警察力量。边界不必有任何改变,这仍然是更重大的那场转变。
By 1914, innovation had changed the scale of production and exchange (factory system, railways, a truly global network, a second industrial revolution of greater scale and complexity), the social order (self-conscious classes, urbanisation, the reorganised family), and the expectations placed on the state (four ideologies, 1848, organised movements, and a liberalism that shifted from laissez-faire to intervention). Name a continuity beside each.
到 1914 年,创新改变了生产与交换的规模(工厂制度、铁路、一张真正全球性的网络、一场规模与复杂性更大的第二次工业革命)、社会秩序(具有自我意识的阶级、城市化、被重组的家庭),以及对国家的期望(四种意识形态、1848 年、有组织的运动,以及一种从自由放任转向干预的自由主义)。请在每一项旁点出一项延续。