Classes, Cities and Families · 阶级、城市与家庭
Divisions of labour make classes
- In industrialised areas of Europe (i.e., western and northern Europe), socioeconomic changes created divisions of labour that led to the development of self-conscious classes, including the proletariat and the bourgeoisie.
- Self-conscious is the operative word: a class here is a group that knows itself as one.
- In some of the less industrialised areas of Europe, the dominance of agricultural elites continued into the 20th century.
劳动分工造就阶级
- 在欧洲的工业化地区(即西欧与北欧),社会经济变化造就了劳动分工,从而导致了具有自我意识的阶级的形成,包括无产阶级与资产阶级。
- 具有自我意识是关键词:这里的阶级,是一个自知其为一个阶级的群体。
- 在欧洲一些工业化程度较低的地区,农业精英的主导地位延续到了 20 世纪。
A 'self-conscious class' is one that... · ‘自觉阶级’是指……
The operative word in the CED's sentence. · CED句中起关键作用的词汇。
Identity is built by joining things
- Class identity developed and was reinforced through participation in philanthropic, political, and social associations among the middle classes, and in mutual aid societies and trade unions among the working classes.
- The CED gives the mechanism — association — and different institutions for each class.
- So class is not just a position in production; it is a set of memberships that make the position felt.
身份认同是通过加入组织建立的
- 阶级身份认同通过参与而形成并被强化:中产阶级参与慈善的、政治的与社交的团体,工人阶级参与互助会与工会。
- CED 给出了机制——结社——并为每个阶级给出了不同的机构。
- 因此阶级不只是生产中的一个位置;它是一组使这个位置被感受到的成员身份。
Match each class to the CED's associations for it. · 将每个阶级与其对应的CED关联匹配。
Class is a set of memberships that make the position felt. · 阶级是一组使地位得以感知的成员资格集合。
Cities gain, the countryside loses
- With migration from rural to urban areas in industrialised regions, cities experienced overcrowding, while affected rural areas suffered declines in available labour as well as weakened communities.
- One movement, two costs — and the CED puts the rural cost in the same sentence as the urban one.
- An answer that describes only slum conditions has recorded half of what migration did.
城市所得,乡村所失
- 随着工业化地区人口从乡村向城市迁移,城市出现了过度拥挤,而受影响的乡村地区则遭受可用劳动力的减少以及社区的削弱。
- 一次移动,两处代价——而 CED 把乡村的代价与城市的代价写在同一句话里。
- 只描述贫民窟状况的答案,只记录了迁移所造成之事的一半。
Class formation, urban and rural change, or family life? · 阶级形成、城乡变迁还是家庭生活？
Sort each social development. · 对社会发展的每个要素进行排序。
Select both · 两者 costs of rural-to-urban migration the CED names. · 选择CED指出的农村向城市迁移的双重代价。
One movement, two costs, one sentence. · 一个运动，两种代价，一句话概括。
Rural-to-urban migration cost the countryside too. The CED puts both in one sentence: cities experienced overcrowding, while affected rural areas suffered declines in available labour as well as weakened communities — an answer describing only slums has recorded half of it.
**从乡村到城市的迁移,也让乡村付出了代价。**CED 把两者写在一句话里:城市出现了过度拥挤,而受影响的乡村地区则遭受可用劳动力的减少以及社区的削弱——只描述贫民窟的答案只记录了其中一半。
Select all · 所有 the causes of improved working-class quality of life the CED lists. · 选择CED列出的改善工人阶级生活质量的所有原因。
Five causes; three of them results of the responses in 6.8 and 6.9. · 五个原因；其中三个是6.8和6.9中回应的结果。
The family reorganised
- Bourgeois families became focused on the nuclear family and the cult of domesticity, with distinct gender roles for men and women.
- Economic motivations for marriage, while still important for all classes, diminished as the middle-class notion of companionate marriage began to be adopted by the working classes.
- Leisure time centred increasingly on the family or small groups, concurrent with the development of activities and spaces to use that time.
被重组的家庭
- 资产阶级家庭日益以核心家庭与家庭崇拜为中心,男女有着各自不同的性别角色。
- 婚姻的经济动机对各阶级仍然重要,但随着工人阶级开始接受中产阶级的伴侣式婚姻观念而有所减弱。
- 闲暇时间日益以家庭或小群体为中心,与之同时发展起来的还有用于消磨这些时间的活动与场所。
The middle-class notion adopted by the working classes was ____ marriage. · 被工人阶级采纳的中产阶级观念是____婚姻。
Economic motivations remained important for all classes, but diminished. · 经济动机对所有阶级仍很重要，但有所减弱。
And conditions improved, with named causes
- By the end of the century, higher wages, laws restricting the labour of children and women, social welfare programmes, improved diet, and increased access to birth control affected the quality of life for the working class.
- Five causes, listed — three of them the result of the responses 6.8 and 6.9 will cover.
- Affected is careful: the CED does not say the improvement was uniform or complete.
而且状况改善了,并有被点名的原因
- 到本世纪末,更高的工资、限制童工与女工劳动的法律、社会福利计划、改善的饮食,以及避孕手段可及性的增加,影响了工人阶级的生活质量。
- 五项原因,一一列出——其中三项是 6.8 与 6.9 将要涵盖的那些回应的结果。
- 影响用得谨慎:CED 并没有说这种改善是均匀或彻底的。
A weaver's son joins a union and a friendly society; a mill-owner's son joins a charitable board and a political club. Neither is told what class he belongs to. Both learn it from the room he sits in every week.
一个织工的儿子加入了工会和互助会;一个厂主的儿子加入了慈善董事会和政治俱乐部。没有人告诉他们各自属于哪个阶级。两人都是从每周所坐的那个房间里学到的。
Divisions of labour led to self-conscious classes, including the proletariat and the bourgeoisie, and class identity developed and was reinforced through participation in associations — philanthropic, political and social for the middle classes, mutual aid societies and trade unions for the working classes. Migration brought urban overcrowding and rural decline; families turned toward the nuclear family, the cult of domesticity and companionate marriage; and five named causes improved working-class quality of life by the century's end.
劳动分工导致了具有自我意识的阶级,包括无产阶级与资产阶级,而阶级身份认同通过参与团体而形成并被强化——中产阶级是慈善的、政治的与社交的团体,工人阶级是互助会与工会。迁移带来了城市的过度拥挤与乡村的衰落;家庭转向核心家庭、家庭崇拜与伴侣式婚姻;而五项被点名的原因在本世纪末改善了工人阶级的生活质量。