Technology and Scale · 技术与规模
The factory becomes the norm
- Mechanisation and the factory system became the predominant modes of production by 1914.
- Predominant is a measured word — it means most, not all, and 6.2's lagging regions are the remainder.
- The date matters: this is a century-long change, not an event.
工厂成为常态
- 到 1914 年,机械化与工厂制度成为占主导地位的生产方式。
- 占主导是一个有分寸的词——它意味着大多数,而不是全部,而 6.2 中滞后的地区就是其余部分。
- 年代很重要:这是一场跨越一个世纪的变化,不是一个事件。
'Predominant modes of production by 1914' means... · "到 1914 年占主导地位的生产方式"意味着……
6.2's lagging regions are the remainder. · 6.2 中滞后的地区就是其余部分。
Railways integrate
- New technologies and means of communication and transportation — including railroads — resulted in more fully integrated national economies, a higher level of urbanisation, and a truly global economic network.
- Three results from one cause, and they operate at three scales: national, urban, global.
- The global one connects back to 3.4's network — the same network, now moving at rail and telegraph speed.
铁路带来整合
- 新技术与新的通讯及运输手段——包括铁路——带来了更充分整合的国民经济、更高的城市化水平,以及一个真正全球性的经济网络。
- 一个原因产生三项结果,而它们在三个尺度上运作:国家的、城市的、全球的。
- 全球的那一项连回 3.4 的网络——同一张网络,如今以铁路与电报的速度运转。
Select all · 所有 three results the CED gives for the new technologies. · 选出 CED 为新技术给出的全部三项结果。
Three results from one cause, at three scales. · 一个原因产生三项结果,在三个尺度上。
A second revolution, and consumers
- During the second industrial revolution (c. 1870-1914), more areas of Europe experienced industrial activity, and industrial processes increased in scale and complexity.
- New, efficient methods of transportation and other innovations created new industries, improved the distribution of goods, increased consumerism, and enhanced quality of life.
- A heightened consumerism developed as a result of the second industrial revolution.
第二次革命,以及消费者
- 在第二次工业革命期间(约 1870-1914),欧洲有更多地区经历了工业活动,而工业过程在规模与复杂性上都有所增加。
- 新的、高效的运输方式与其他创新,创造了新的产业、改善了商品分配、增加了消费主义,并提升了生活质量。
- 加剧的消费主义作为第二次工业革命的结果而发展起来。
Follow the second wave from rail to consumption · 从铁路一路追到消费:第二波浪潮
Rail integrates markets, integration makes new industries viable, and growth follows. · 铁路整合市场,整合让新产业成为可能,增长随之而来。
In the second industrial revolution, industrial processes increased in scale and ____. · 在第二次工业革命中,工业过程在规模与 ____ 上都有所增加。
c. 1870-1914, and more areas of Europe experienced industrial activity. · 约 1870-1914,而且欧洲有更多地区经历了工业活动。
Population growth has an agricultural cause as well as an industrial one. The CED credits it to industrialisation along with better harvests caused in part by the commercialisation of agriculture — dropping the harvests leaves out half of what the sentence says.
人口增长既有农业成因,也有工业成因。CED 把它归功于工业化,并与部分由农业商业化所带来的更好收成一道——丢掉收成,就漏掉了这句话所说的一半。
Select all · 所有 the demographic effects the CED names. · 选出 CED 点名的所有人口效应。
Credited to industrialisation along with better harvests. · 被归功于工业化,并与更好的收成一道。
Population, and why it grew
- Along with better harvests caused in part by the commercialisation of agriculture, industrialisation promoted population growth, longer life expectancy, and lowered infant mortality.
- Note the shared credit: along with better harvests, and those harvests are in part commercial in origin.
- So population growth has an agricultural cause as well as an industrial one, and the CED will not let you drop either.
人口,以及它为何增长
- 与部分由农业商业化所带来的更好收成一道,工业化推动了人口增长、更长的预期寿命与更低的婴儿死亡率。
- 注意功劳是共享的:与更好的收成一道,而那些收成部分源于商业化。
- 因此人口增长既有农业成因也有工业成因,而 CED 不允许你丢掉其中任何一项。
The CED attributes heightened consumerism to the second industrial revolution. · CED 把加剧的消费主义归因于第二次工业革命。
New industries, improved distribution, and enhanced quality of life alongside it. · 与之并行的还有新产业、改善的分配与提升的生活质量。
Economic and social change
- Both objectives here run from innovation to change — economic and social, economic and political.
- Economic: integrated national economies, new industries, better distribution, a global network.
- Social: urbanisation, population growth, longer life, consumerism and enhanced quality of life.
经济与社会变化
- 这里的两个目标都从创新走向变化——经济与社会的、经济与政治的。
- 经济:整合的国民经济、新的产业、更好的分配、一张全球网络。
- 社会:城市化、人口增长、更长的寿命、消费主义与提升的生活质量。
A rail line reaches a town. Grain arrives from three hundred miles away at a price the local market has never seen, a factory finds it can now sell nationally, and a letter that took four days takes one. Three scales change at once, from one piece of track.
一条铁路通到一个镇子。粮食从三百英里之外运来,价格是当地市场从未见过的;一家工厂发现它如今可以在全国销售;一封原本要走四天的信只需一天。三个尺度同时改变,来自同一段铁轨。
Mechanisation and the factory system became the predominant modes of production by 1914, and new technologies and transportation — including railroads — resulted in more fully integrated national economies, higher urbanisation, and a truly global economic network. The second industrial revolution (c. 1870-1914) brought greater scale and complexity and heightened consumerism; population growth is credited to industrialisation along with better harvests.
到 1914 年,机械化与工厂制度成为占主导地位的生产方式,而新技术与运输——包括铁路——带来了更充分整合的国民经济、更高的城市化,以及一个真正全球性的经济网络。第二次工业革命(约 1870-1914)带来了更大的规模与复杂性以及加剧的消费主义;人口增长则被归功于工业化与更好的收成一道。