The French Revolution · 法国大革命
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Revolutionary armies, raised by mass conscription/ˌrevəˈluːʃənəri ˈɑːmiz reɪzd baɪ mæs kɒnˈskrɪpʃn/ | 大规模征兵 | dà guī mó zhēng bīng |
Long-term causes plus a short-term trigger
- The French Revolution resulted from a combination of long-term social and political causes, as well as Enlightenment ideas, exacerbated by short-term fiscal and economic crises.
- The CED's structure is precise: long-term causes, ideas, and a short-term crisis that exacerbated them.
- So an answer needs at least one of each, and must not present the fiscal crisis as the whole cause.
长期成因加上一个短期触发
- 法国大革命源自长期社会与政治成因的结合,以及启蒙观念,并被短期的财政与经济危机所加剧。
- CED 的结构很精确:长期成因、观念,以及加剧了它们的短期危机。
- 因此答案至少要各有一项,而且不能把财政危机说成全部原因。
Select all · 所有 the kinds of cause the CED names. · 选出 CED 点名的所有成因类型。
The short-term crisis exacerbated the others; it is not the whole cause. · 短期危机加剧了其余成因;它不是全部原因。
The liberal phase
- The first, or liberal, phase of the French Revolution established a constitutional monarchy, increased popular participation, nationalised the Catholic Church, and abolished hereditary privileges.
- Four measures, and the third and fourth are attacks on 3.7's absolutist bargain — the privileges absolutism had preserved.
- So the liberal phase is 3.2's constitutional settlement attempted in a state built the other way.
自由主义阶段
- 法国大革命的第一阶段,即自由主义阶段,确立了君主立宪、扩大了民众参与、把天主教会国有化,并废除了世袭特权。
- 四项举措,而第三、第四项是对 3.7 专制交易的攻击——正是专制主义所保留的那些特权。
- 因此自由主义阶段,是在一个以相反方式建立起来的国家中,尝试 3.2 的宪政安排。
Select all · 所有 four measures of the liberal phase. · 选出自由主义阶段的全部四项举措。
The last two attack the privileges absolutism had preserved. · 后两项攻击的正是专制主义所保留的那些特权。
The radical phase
- After the execution of Louis XVI, the radical Jacobin republic led by Robespierre responded to opposition at home and war abroad by instituting the Reign of Terror, fixing prices and wages, and pursuing a policy of de-Christianisation.
- The CED gives the cause of the radical turn: opposition at home and war abroad.
- Three measures follow — a political one, an economic one and a religious one, all emergency responses.
激进阶段
- 在路易十六被处决之后,由罗伯斯庇尔领导的激进雅各宾共和国,以国内的反对与国外的战争为背景,实行恐怖统治、管制物价与工资,并推行去基督教化政策。
- CED 给出了激进转向的原因:国内的反对与国外的战争。
- 随之而来的是三项举措——一项政治的、一项经济的、一项宗教的,全都是紧急应对。
Separate the conditions from the trigger · 把条件与导火索分开
The CED distinguishes long-term causes and Enlightenment ideas from the short-term crises that exacerbated them. · CED 把长期原因与启蒙思想,同加剧局势的短期危机区分开来。
Select all · 所有 the radical-phase measures the CED names. · 选出 CED 点名的所有激进阶段举措。
Conscription is the army's method, listed separately. · 征兵是军队的方法,被单独列出。
The fiscal crisis exacerbated causes that were already there. The CED's structure is long-term social and political causes, plus Enlightenment ideas, exacerbated by short-term fiscal and economic crises — so an answer resting on the deficit alone has taken the trigger for the whole explanation.
财政危机加剧了本已存在的那些成因。CED 的结构是:长期社会与政治成因,加上启蒙观念,并被短期财政与经济危机所加剧——因此仅凭赤字立论的答案,把触发因素当成了整个解释。
The CED says the radical turn responded to... · CED 说激进转向所回应的是……
Three measures follow: political, economic and religious. · 随之而来的是三项举措:政治的、经济的与宗教的。
Armies and the export of the revolution
- Revolutionary armies, raised by mass conscription 大规模征兵, sought to bring the changes initiated in France to the rest of Europe.
- Mass conscription is possible only when a state can claim the nation as its own — a claim the revolution had just made.
- So the new political idea produces a new military capacity, which 5.6's Napoleon will inherit.
军队与革命的输出
- 大规模征兵(mass conscription)组建的革命军队,试图把法国所发起的变革带到欧洲其余地方。
- 只有当一个国家能够宣称民族属于自己时,大规模征兵才成为可能——而这一主张,革命刚刚提了出来。
- 因此新的政治观念产生了新的军事能力,而 5.6 的拿破仑将继承它。
Put the CED's three stages for women in order. · 把 CED 关于女性的三个阶段排序。
Three stages in one sentence — the clearest instance of the Enlightenment's stated limits. · 一句话里有三个阶段——这是启蒙运动被写明之限度最清晰的实例。
Women's participation and its limit
- Women enthusiastically participated in the early phases of the revolution; however, while there were brief improvements in the legal status of women, citizenship in the republic was soon restricted to men.
- The CED gives participation, a brief improvement, and a restriction — three stages in one sentence.
- It is 4.3's exclusion enacted in law, and the clearest single instance of the Enlightenment's stated limits.
女性的参与及其限度
- 女性在革命早期阶段热情参与;然而,尽管女性的法律地位曾有短暂改善,共和国的公民身份很快被限定于男性。
- CED 给出了参与、一次短暂的改善,以及一项限制——一句话里有三个阶段。
- 这是 4.3 中的排除被写入法律,也是启蒙运动那些被写明之限度最清晰的单一实例。
A state with an empty treasury calls an assembly it has not called in generations. The deficit explains the meeting; it does not explain why the men who arrive already have a theory about consent, a list of grievances about privilege, and a vocabulary in which to state both.
一个国库空虚的国家,召集了一个几代人都未曾召集过的会议。赤字解释了这次会议;它并不能解释为何到会的人早已带着一套关于同意的理论、一份关于特权的怨怼清单,以及一套陈述两者的语汇。
The Revolution resulted from long-term social and political causes, plus Enlightenment ideas, exacerbated by short-term fiscal and economic crises. The liberal phase established a constitutional monarchy, increased participation, nationalised the Church and abolished hereditary privileges. The radical phase, responding to opposition at home and war abroad, brought the Terror, price and wage controls and de-Christianisation. Mass conscription carried the changes abroad, and citizenship was soon restricted to men.
这场革命源自长期社会与政治成因,加上启蒙观念,并被短期财政与经济危机所加剧。 自由主义阶段确立君主立宪、扩大参与、把教会国有化并废除世袭特权。激进阶段为应对国内反对与国外战争,带来了恐怖统治、物价与工资管制以及去基督教化。大规模征兵把这些变革带往国外,而公民身份很快被限定于男性。