Britain and France · 英国和法国
A rivalry fought on two continents
- Rivalry between Britain and France resulted in world wars fought both in Europe and in the colonies, with Britain supplanting France as the greatest European power.
- The CED calls them world wars, in the eighteenth century, and the phrase is deliberate.
- A war fought simultaneously in Europe, North America and Asia is settled by whoever can sustain all three theatres.
在两个大洲上进行的对抗
- 英国与法国之间的对抗,导致了同时在欧洲与殖民地进行的世界战争,而英国取代法国成为欧洲最强大的国家。
- CED 在十八世纪的语境里称它们为世界战争,而这一措辞是有意的。
- 一场同时在欧洲、北美与亚洲进行的战争,由能够支撑全部三个战场的一方决出胜负。
The CED calls the Anglo-French conflicts... · CED将英法冲突称为……
Fought both in Europe and in the colonies. · 在欧洲和殖民地均有交战。
The economic consequence
- Sustaining three theatres requires borrowing on a scale neither state had attempted before.
- Britain's financial institutions — 3.3's new practices, developed further — let it borrow more cheaply for longer.
- So the economic consequence of the rivalry is partly a test of fiscal systems, and one system passed.
经济后果
- 支撑三个战场,需要以两国此前都未曾尝试过的规模举债。
- 英国的金融机构——3.3 中的新做法,进一步发展而来——让它能够以更低的成本借得更久。
- 因此这场对抗的经济后果,部分是一次财政体系的考验,而其中一个体系通过了。
The CED's verdict is that Britain ____ France as the greatest European power. · CED的裁决是英国____法国成为最大的欧洲强国。
A political fact with a date. · 一个带有日期的政治事实。
The political consequence
- Britain supplanting France as the greatest European power is the CED's own verdict, and it is a political fact with a date.
- For France, the same wars left a debt that 5.4 will name among the revolution's short-term fiscal causes.
- So one state's victory and another's revolution have the same origin, which is the most useful sentence in this subtopic.
政治后果
- 英国取代法国成为欧洲最强大的国家,是 CED 自己的判断,而这是一个有年代的政治事实。
- 对法国而言,同样这些战争留下了一笔债务,而 5.4 会把它列在革命的短期财政成因之中。
- 因此一个国家的胜利与另一个国家的革命有着同一个起源,这是本小节中最有用的一句话。
Military, economic, or the political outcome? · 军事、经济，还是政治结果？
Sort each element of the Anglo-French rivalry. · 对英法对抗的每个要素进行排序。
Britain could borrow more cheaply partly because... · 英国能以更低成本借贷，部分原因是……
The fiscal outcome traces back to 3.8's forms of political power. · 财政结果可追溯至3.8中的政治权力形式。
One state's victory and the other's revolution have the same origin. The wars that made Britain the greatest European power left France with the debt the CED names among the revolution's short-term fiscal causes — which is why 5.3 and 5.4 must be read together.
**一个国家的胜利与另一个国家的革命有着同一个起源。**那些使英国成为欧洲最强国家的战争,给法国留下了 CED 列在革命短期财政成因中的那笔债务——这正是 5.3 与 5.4 必须一起读的原因。
Britain's victory and France's revolution have the same origin. · 英国的胜利和法国的革命有着相同的起源。
The wars left France the debt 5.4 names among the revolution's fiscal causes. · 战争留给法国的债务正是5.4列出的革命财政原因之一。
Why the two states differed
- 3.2 gave Britain a constitutional settlement in which taxation required consent — and therefore commanded confidence.
- 3.7 gave France an absolutist structure in which the crown could decree but could not credibly promise.
- So the fiscal outcome traces back to the forms of political power compared in 3.8.
两国为何不同
- 3.2 给了英国一份宪政安排,其中征税需要同意——因而赢得了信任。
- 3.7 给了法国一个专制结构,其中王室可以下令,却无法作出可信的承诺。
- 因此财政上的结果,可以回溯到 3.8 所比较的那些政治权力形式。
Select all · 所有 the consequences this lesson names. · 选择本课提到的所有后果。
Empires expand in this period; they do not end. · 帝国在此时期扩张，并未终结。
Economic and political consequences
- The objective names both, and they are connected by one mechanism: the cost of sustained war.
- Economic: debt, taxation, and a demonstrated difference in borrowing capacity.
- Political: Britain's primacy, and a French fiscal crisis that becomes a constitutional one.
经济与政治后果
- 这一目标同时点出两者,而它们由同一个机制连接:持久战争的代价。
- 经济:债务、赋税,以及借贷能力上被证明的差异。
- 政治:英国的首要地位,以及一场变成宪制危机的法国财政危机。
Two states borrow to fight the same war. One pays a lower rate because its lenders believe a body that represents them will honour the debt; the other pays more because a crown that can repudiate might. Over three decades that difference is the size of a fleet.
两个国家为打同一场战争而举债。一个支付更低的利率,因为它的债权人相信一个代表他们的机构会履约;另一个支付得更多,因为一个可以赖账的王室有可能赖账。三十年下来,这一差额相当于一支舰队。
Rivalry between Britain and France resulted in world wars fought both in Europe and in the colonies, with Britain supplanting France as the greatest European power. Sustaining three theatres required unprecedented borrowing, and the difference in fiscal systems traces back to 3.2's and 3.7's forms of political power. The same wars left France the debt 5.4 names among the revolution's causes.
英国与法国之间的对抗,导致了同时在欧洲与殖民地进行的世界战争,而英国取代法国成为欧洲最强大的国家。支撑三个战场需要空前规模的举债,而财政体系上的差异可以回溯到 3.2 与 3.7 中的政治权力形式。同样这些战争,给法国留下了 5.4 列在革命成因中的那笔债务。