Maritime Competition · 海上竞争
Commerce made navies necessary
- The expansion of European commerce accelerated the growth of a worldwide economic network.
- A network of routes, posts and cargoes is an asset that can be taken, so protecting it requires a fleet.
- So maritime competition is a consequence of 3.4's network, not a separate story.
商业使海军成为必需
- 欧洲商业的扩张加速了世界性经济网络的成长。
- 由航路、商站与货物构成的网络是一项可以被夺走的资产,因此保护它需要一支舰队。
- 因此海上竞争是 3.4 那张网络的后果,不是一个独立的故事。
Commerce made navies necessary because a network of routes and cargoes is... · 商业使海军成为必要，因为航线和货物网络是……
So maritime competition is a consequence of 3.4's network. · 因此海上竞争是3.4中网络的后果。
Navies are expensive, and self-justifying
- A fleet is the most capital-intensive thing an eighteenth-century state can own.
- It is paid for by taxing the trade it protects, which makes the trade and the fleet mutually dependent.
- So a state that loses its trade cannot afford its navy, and a state that loses its navy cannot keep its trade.
海军昂贵,而且能自我论证
- 舰队是十八世纪国家所能拥有的最资本密集的东西。
- 它靠对其所保护之贸易征税来支付,这使贸易与舰队相互依赖。
- 因此失去贸易的国家养不起海军,而失去海军的国家保不住贸易。
A fleet is paid for by taxing the trade it protects. · 舰队靠向它所保护的贸易征税来支付费用。
Which makes a defeat at sea a fiscal event as much as a military one. · 这使得海战失败既是财政事件也是军事事件。
Competition became war
- Routes and posts are rivalrous: a station held by one power is denied to another.
- 3.6 established that dynastic, state and colonial interests all influenced diplomacy and frequently led to war.
- So the eighteenth century's European wars have overseas causes, which is why 5.3 treats them as world wars.
竞争变成战争
- 航路与商站是排他性的:一个强权占据的站点,就被另一个强权所拒斥。
- 3.6 已确立王朝、国家与殖民利益都影响外交,并频频导致战争。
- 因此十八世纪的欧洲战争带有海外成因,这正是 5.3 把它们视为世界战争的原因。
A cause, a military consequence, or a lasting capacity? · 是一个原因、军事后果，还是一种持久能力？
Sort each element of maritime competition. · 对海上竞争的每个要素进行排序。
Routes and posts are : a station held by one power is denied to another. · 航线和据点是：一国占据的站点会 denied 给另一国。
That is what makes a commercial asset a military objective. · 这就是商业资产成为军事目标的原因。
A navy and the trade it protects are mutually dependent. The fleet is paid for by taxing the trade, and the trade survives because the fleet protects it — so a defeat at sea is a fiscal event as much as a military one, which is how 5.2 leads to 5.1's crisis.
**海军与它所保护的贸易相互依赖。**舰队靠对贸易征税来供养,而贸易之所以存续是因为舰队在保护它——因此海上的一场失败既是军事事件,也同样是财政事件,而这正是 5.2 通向 5.1 那场危机的方式。
Select all · 所有 the lasting capacities naval competition produced. · 选择海军竞争产生的所有持久能力。
Mass conscription arrives with the French Revolution in 5.4. · 义务兵役制随 5.4 年的法国大革命而来。
Consequences beyond the fleet
- Naval competition drove state debt, which drove taxation, which is where 5.1's fiscal crisis comes from.
- It also drove shipbuilding, insurance, credit and charting — technical and financial capacity a state keeps afterwards.
- So an answer should give one military and one non-military consequence.
舰队之外的后果
- 海上竞争推高了国债,国债推高了赋税,而 5.1 的财政危机正是从这里来的。
- 它也推动了造船、保险、信贷与海图测绘——那是一个国家事后仍然保有的技术与金融能力。
- 因此答案应当给出一项军事后果与一项非军事后果。
Naval competition connects to 5.1's fiscal crisis through... · 海军竞争通过……与5.1的财政危机相连
The most capital-intensive thing an eighteenth-century state can own. · 十八世纪国家所能拥有的最资本密集型的东西。
Causes and consequences
- The objective is the causes and consequences of European maritime competition from 1648 to 1815.
- Causes: a valuable network, rivalrous routes, and mercantilist doctrine treating trade as a state interest.
- Consequences: naval war, state debt and taxation, and durable financial and technical capacity.
成因与后果
- 这一目标是1648 至 1815 年间欧洲海上竞争的成因与后果。
- 成因:一张有价值的网络、排他性的航路,以及把贸易视为国家利益的重商主义学说。
- 后果:海上战争、国债与赋税,以及持久的金融与技术能力。
A single station commanding a strait is worth more than the ships in its harbour, because holding it decides who may pass. Two states cannot both hold it, and neither can afford to let the other. That is what makes a commercial asset a military objective.
一个扼守海峡的站点,比它港内的船只更值钱,因为占据它就决定了谁可以通过。两个国家不可能同时占据它,而任何一方都承受不起让给对方。这正是一项商业资产成为军事目标的原因。
The expansion of European commerce accelerated the growth of a worldwide economic network — an asset that must be protected, so commerce made navies necessary. Fleet and trade are mutually dependent, routes and posts are rivalrous, and the consequences run past the fleet into state debt, taxation and durable financial and technical capacity.
欧洲商业的扩张加速了世界性经济网络的成长——一项必须被保护的资产,因此商业使海军成为必需。舰队与贸易相互依赖,航路与商站具有排他性,而后果越过舰队,延伸到国债、赋税以及持久的金融与技术能力。