Three Pressures Meet · 三重压力汇聚
The unit inherits all three threads
- Different models of political sovereignty affected the relationship among states and between states and individuals.
- The expansion of European commerce accelerated the growth of a worldwide economic network.
- Scientific Revolution concepts and their Enlightenment application led to an increased but not unchallenged emphasis on reason.
本单元继承了全部三条线索
- 不同的政治主权模式,影响了国家之间以及国家与个人之间的关系。
- 欧洲商业的扩张加速了世界性经济网络的成长。
- 科学革命的概念及其在启蒙运动中的应用,使对理性的强调有所增加,但并非未受挑战。
Select all · 所有 three threads the unit inherits. · 选择该单元继承的三个线索。
Mechanisation belongs to unit 6. · 机械化属于第6单元。
Sovereignty is now contested from below
- Unit 3 asked which model a state used; this unit asks what happens when the model is rejected.
- 4.3's social contract gave a criterion — consent — by which any existing state can be judged and found wanting.
- So the sovereignty thread arrives at revolution because the theory arrived first.
主权此刻从下方受到争夺
- 第三单元问的是一个国家使用哪种模式;本单元问的是当这一模式被拒绝时会发生什么。
- 4.3 的社会契约给出了一条标准——同意——任何既有国家都可以据此被评判,并被判定为不足。
- 因此主权这条线索抵达革命,是因为理论先一步到了。
4.3's social contract supplied revolution with... · 4.3的社会契约为革命提供了……
The theory arrived first, which is why the thread reaches revolution. · 理论先到达，这就是为什么这条线索通向革命。
Commerce funds and destabilises
- The worldwide network of 3.4 paid for the fleets and armies of 5.2 and 5.3.
- It also produced a commercial class with wealth and no corresponding political standing.
- So the same economic thread that strengthened states supplied the grievance that unsettled one.
商业既资助也动摇
- 3.4 的世界性网络,为 5.2 与 5.3 的舰队与军队付了账。
- 它同时也造就了一个有财富却没有相应政治地位的商业阶层。
- 因此那条强化了国家的经济线索,也提供了动摇其中一个国家的怨怼。
Which thread does this belong to? · 这属于哪一条线索？
Sort each condition of the crisis. · 对危机的每种条件进行排序。
This unit contains both the political triumph of Enlightenment principles and the reaction against them. · 本单元既包含启蒙原则的政治胜利，也包含对它们的反应。
5.8's Romanticism and religious revival are the reaction, in the same unit. · 5.8的浪漫主义和宗教复兴是同一单元内的反应。
This unit holds the Enlightenment's political triumph and the reaction against it at once. The same CED sentence that records reason's increased emphasis records that it was not unchallenged — and 5.8's Romanticism and religious revival are that challenge, inside the same unit as the revolution.
本单元同时容纳启蒙运动在政治上的胜利与针对它的反弹。记录理性之强调有所增加的那句 CED,同时也记录了它并非未受挑战——而 5.8 的浪漫主义与宗教复兴正是那种挑战,就在与革命同一个单元之内。
Commerce produced a class with wealth and no corresponding political ____. · 商业产生了一个拥有财富但没有相应政治____的阶级。
The same thread that strengthened states supplied the grievance that unsettled one. · 加强国家的同一条线索也提供了动摇一个国家的怨愤。
And reason is itself challenged
- The CED's not unchallenged becomes a subtopic of its own here: 5.8's Romanticism and religious revival.
- So the unit contains both the political triumph of Enlightenment principles and the reaction against them.
- Holding both is the unit's characteristic difficulty, and its characteristic reward.
而理性自身也受到挑战
- CED 的并非未受挑战在这里成为一个独立的小节:5.8 的浪漫主义与宗教复兴。
- 因此本单元既包含启蒙原则在政治上的胜利,也包含针对它们的反弹。
- 同时把握两者,正是本单元特有的难处,也是它特有的回报。
None of the three conditions alone... · 这三种条件单独来看……
Each existed before 1789; together they are a situation with no ordinary solution. · 它们在1789年之前各自都存在；合在一起构成了一种没有常规解决方案的局面。
Writing the context
- Conditions: a fiscal crisis produced by 5.3's wars, a political theory that supplies a criterion, and a commercial class with a grievance.
- Each condition existed before 1789 and none of them alone produces a revolution.
- Name the condition and what it made possible — the same shape as every context lesson in this course.
书写语境
- 条件:5.3 的战争所造成的财政危机、一套提供了判断标准的政治理论,以及一个心怀不满的商业阶层。
- 每一项条件在 1789 年之前就已存在,而其中任何一项单独都不会产生一场革命。
- 点出条件,再说出它使什么成为可能——与本课程中每一课语境课的结构相同。
A treasury is empty because of wars fought overseas; a body of theory says legitimate government rests on consent; and the people with money have no standing in the state that owes them. None of the three is new in 1789, and together they are a situation with no ordinary solution.
国库因海外的战争而空虚;一套理论说正当的政府建立在同意之上;而有钱的那些人在这个欠他们钱的国家里没有地位。三者中没有一项在 1789 年是新的,而合在一起,它们构成一个没有寻常解法的局面。
The unit inherits three threads: models of political sovereignty, the expanding commercial network, and an increased but not unchallenged emphasis on reason. Sovereignty is now contested from below because 4.3 supplied the criterion of consent; commerce both funds states and creates grievances; and reason's challengers get a subtopic of their own in 5.8.
本单元继承了三条线索:政治主权的诸模式、不断扩张的商业网络,以及对理性的强调有所增加但并非未受挑战。主权此刻从下方受到争夺,因为 4.3 提供了同意这一标准;商业既资助国家也制造怨怼;而理性的挑战者在 5.8 中获得了属于自己的小节。