How Far Did Reason Reach? · 理性的影响有多大？
The unit's closing question
- Explain how and why the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment challenged the existing European order and understanding of the world.
- How asks for mechanisms; why asks what made the challenge possible and effective.
- And the CED's own review keeps its qualifier: reason's emphasis was increased but not unchallenged.
本单元的收束问题
- 解释科学革命与启蒙运动如何以及为何挑战了既有的欧洲秩序与对世界的理解。
- 如何问的是机制;为何问的是什么使这一挑战成为可能并奏效。
- 而 CED 自己的复习保留了它的限定语:对理性的强调有所增加,但并非未受挑战。
Select all · 所有 the orders the unit's method was turned on. · 选择所有该单元方法所挑战的秩序。
Religion's public role completes the four; printing is a means, not a target. · 宗教的公共角色完成了这四项；印刷术是一种手段，而非目标。
Four things challenged
- Ancient authority in nature (4.2), divine right in politics (4.3), mercantilism in economics (4.3), and religion's public role (4.3).
- Four different orders, one method — that is the unit's argument in a sentence.
- An answer naming the method and two of the four is complete.
被挑战的四样东西
- 自然领域中的古代权威(4.2)、政治领域中的君权神授(4.3)、经济领域中的重商主义(4.3),以及宗教的公共角色(4.3)。
- 四种不同的秩序,一种方法——这就是本单元的论证,一句话足矣。
- 点出这一方法与四者中的两项,答案就完整了。
Select all · 所有 the limits available as evidence. · 选择所有可作为证据的限制。
Heliocentrism is a change, not a limit on reason's reach. · 日心说是理性的变化，而非对其影响范围的限制。
And the limits, which are also examinable
- Alchemy and astrology persisted; spiritual explanations of the cosmos persisted; women were excluded by argument from inside the movement.
- Enlightened absolutism adopted the language without the conclusions; censorship continued.
- So the not unchallenged is not a footnote — it is half the review statement.
以及那些限度,它们同样可被考到
- 炼金术与占星术延续下来;对宇宙的灵性解释延续下来;女性被来自运动内部的论证所排除。
- 开明专制采纳了语言,却不接受其结论;审查依然存在。
- 因此"并非未受挑战"不是一条脚注——它是那句复习陈述的一半。
An order challenged, a limit, or everyday life? · 一个受挑战的秩序、一个限制，还是日常生活？
Sort each item in a unit-review answer. · 对单元复习答案中的每一项进行排序。
The unit's method is to establish a claim by observation and reasoning rather than by . · 该单元的方法是通过观察和推理来确立主张，而不是通过。
Name the method once, then the targets. · 先说出方法，然后说出目标。
The review keeps the qualifier: an increased but not unchallenged emphasis on reason. Persisting alchemy and astrology, continuing spiritual explanation, exclusions argued from inside the movement, censorship, and enlightened absolutism adopting the language without the conclusions are all examinable evidence.
**复习保留了那个限定语:对理性的强调有所增加,但并非未受挑战。**延续的炼金术与占星术、持续的灵性解释、来自运动内部所论证的种种排除、审查,以及采纳语言却不接受结论的开明专制,全都是可被考到的证据。
An answer confined to philosophy uses only one of the three review statements. · 仅限于哲学的回答只使用了三条复习陈述中的一条。
The third makes everyday life part of the answer. · 第三条陈述将日常生活纳入答案。
Everyday life is part of the answer
- The CED's third review statement is that everyday life was shaped by demographic, environmental, medical and technological changes.
- So the unit's challenge to the existing order includes a house with private rooms, a growing city and a reading public.
- An answer confined to philosophy has used one of the CED's three review statements.
日常生活是答案的一部分
- CED 的第三条复习陈述是:日常生活受到人口、环境、医学与技术变化的塑造。
- 因此本单元对既有秩序的挑战,也包括一所有独立房间的房子、一座不断成长的城市,以及一个阅读公众。
- 只谈哲学的答案,只用了 CED 三条复习陈述中的一条。
Put the closing routine in order. · 按顺序排列结束环节。
Together those satisfy all three review statements. · 合在一起满足全部三条复习陈述。
A closing routine
- Name the method in one sentence: observation and reasoning applied first to nature, then to institutions.
- Name two orders it challenged, with one piece of evidence each.
- Then name one limit, and one change in everyday life — which together satisfy all three review statements.
收束流程
- 用一句话点出这一方法:观察与推理先被用于自然,然后被用于制度。
- 点出它所挑战的两种秩序,各给一处证据。
- 然后点出一处限度,以及日常生活中的一项变化——两者合起来满足全部三条复习陈述。
One method — establish a claim by observation and reasoning rather than by authority — is turned on the cosmos, the body, the state, the market and the church within a hundred and fifty years. Naming the method once and then the targets is more economical and more accurate than four separate stories.
同一种方法——以观察与推理而非以权威来确立一项主张——在一百五十年间被转向宇宙、身体、国家、市场与教会。先把方法点出一次,再点出各个对象,比四个各自独立的故事更简省,也更准确。
Explain how and why the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment challenged the existing European order and understanding of the world. One method turned on four orders: ancient authority, divine right, mercantilism and religion's public role. The review keeps increased but not unchallenged, and its third statement makes everyday life — demography, medicine, technology — part of the answer.
解释科学革命与启蒙运动如何以及为何挑战了既有的欧洲秩序与对世界的理解。一种方法被转向四种秩序:古代权威、君权神授、重商主义,以及宗教的公共角色。复习保留了有所增加但并非未受挑战,而它的第三条陈述使日常生活——人口、医学、技术——成为答案的一部分。