The Dutch Republic · 荷兰共和国
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| The Dutch Republic, established by a Protestant revolt against the Habsburg monarchy, developed an oligarchy | 寡头制 | guǎ tóu zhì |
A state made by a revolt
- The Dutch Republic, established by a Protestant revolt against the Habsburg monarchy, developed an oligarchy 寡头制 of urban gentry and rural landholders to promote trade and protect traditional rights.
- The CED packs origin, form and purpose into one sentence, and each is examinable.
- Origin: a Protestant revolt — which links straight back to 2.4's Habsburg attempt to restore Catholic unity.
由一场反抗造就的国家
- 荷兰共和国由一场针对哈布斯堡君主国的新教反抗所建立,发展出一种由城市乡绅与乡村地主构成的寡头制(oligarchy),以促进贸易并保护传统权利。
- CED 把起源、形式与目的压进一句话,而每一项都可能被考到。
- 起源:一场新教反抗——这直接连回 2.4 中哈布斯堡恢复天主教统一的尝试。
The CED describes the Dutch Republic's government as... · CED将荷兰共和国的政府描述为……
It is a third model beside constitutional monarchy and absolutism. · 这是立宪君主制和专制主义之外的第三种模式。
Neither absolutist nor a modern democracy
- An oligarchy is rule by a small group, and the CED names which: urban gentry and rural landholders.
- So the Republic is a third model beside 3.2's constitutional monarchy and 3.7's absolutism.
- That makes it essential to 3.8, which compares different forms of political power, not two.
既非专制,也非现代民主
- 寡头制是由一小群人统治,而 CED 点出了是哪一群:城市乡绅与乡村地主。
- 因此这个共和国是与 3.2 的宪政君主制、3.7 的专制主义并列的第三种模式。
- 这使它对 3.8 至关重要,因为 3.8 比较的是不同的政治权力形式,而不是两种。
Select both · 两者 purposes the CED gives the oligarchy. · 选择CED赋予寡头政治的两个目的。
A government of merchants funds a navy before a court. · 商人的政府在一个法庭前资助海军。
Built to promote trade
- The CED gives the oligarchy a purpose: to promote trade and protect traditional rights.
- A government of merchants and landholders will fund a navy, a bank and a fleet before it funds a court.
- So the Dutch case is the clearest instance of 3.3's market economy shaping a political form.
为促进贸易而建
- CED 赋予这一寡头制一个目的:促进贸易并保护传统权利。
- 一个由商人与地主组成的政府,会在资助宫廷之前先资助海军、银行与船队。
- 因此荷兰的例子,是 3.3 中市场经济塑造一种政治形式最清晰的实例。
Origin, form, or purpose? · 起源、形式还是目的？
Sort each element of the CED's sentence on the Dutch Republic. · 对CED关于荷兰共和国的句子进行要素分类。
The Republic was established by a ____ revolt against the Habsburg monarchy. · 共和国是通过一场反对哈布斯堡王朝的____起义建立的。
Which links straight back to 2.4's Habsburg attempt to restore Catholic unity. · 这直接关联到2.4中哈布斯堡试图恢复天主教统一的尝试。
An oligarchy is a third model, not a halfway house. The CED names it precisely — rule by urban gentry and rural landholders — and 3.8 asks you to compare different forms of political power. Treating the Republic as an incomplete version of something else removes one of the forms.
寡头制是第三种模式,不是一个折中的中间物。CED 精确地点出了它——由城市乡绅与乡村地主统治——而 3.8 要求你比较不同的政治权力形式。把这个共和国当作某种东西的未完成版本,就移走了其中一种形式。
Constitutional arrangements in this unit were created to preserve existing privileges. · 本单元的宪法安排旨在维护现有特权。
Both the Dutch oligarchy and the parliamentary settlement protect traditional rights. · 荷兰寡头政治和议会政体都保护传统权利。
Traditional rights, not new ones
- The CED says the oligarchy formed to protect traditional rights — the same defensive logic as 3.2's parliamentary settlement.
- In both cases, a constitutional arrangement is created to preserve privileges an absolutist crown threatened.
- So constitutionalism in this unit is conservative in origin, whatever it later became.
传统权利,而非新权利
- CED 说这一寡头制的形成是为了保护传统权利——与 3.2 的议会安排是同一种防御性逻辑。
- 在两个案例中,宪政安排的创设,都是为了保住一个专制王室所威胁到的特权。
- 因此本单元中的宪政主义,在起源上是保守的,无论它后来变成了什么。
Select all · 所有 the factors this lesson names. · 选择本课列出的所有因素。
Mechanisation is a nineteenth-century development. · 机械化是十九世纪的发展。
Factors that contributed
- The objective is the factors that contributed to the development of the Dutch Republic.
- Religious: a Protestant revolt against a Catholic monarchy (unit 2).
- Economic: a commercial elite with a reason to govern (3.3). Political: Habsburg overreach on two fronts (2.4).
促成的诸因素
- 这一目标是促成荷兰共和国发展的诸因素。
- 宗教:一场针对天主教君主国的新教反抗(第二单元)。
- 经济:一个有理由参与治理的商业精英群体(3.3)。政治:哈布斯堡两线作战的过度扩张(2.4)。
A government whose members are merchants funds a navy that protects the routes their own ships use. There is no court, no royal building programme, and no standing quarrel with a nobility over precedence. The form of the state follows from who is in it.
一个其成员即为商人的政府,资助一支保护自家船只所用航路的海军。这里没有宫廷、没有王室营建计划,也没有与贵族就位次进行的长期争执。国家的形式,源自其中都有些什么人。
The Dutch Republic, established by a Protestant revolt against the Habsburg monarchy, developed an oligarchy of urban gentry and rural landholders to promote trade and protect traditional rights. It is a third model beside constitutional monarchy and absolutism, its politics follow from its commercial elite, and like 3.2 its constitutionalism is defensive in origin.
荷兰共和国由一场针对哈布斯堡君主国的新教反抗所建立,发展出一种由城市乡绅与乡村地主构成的寡头制,以促进贸易并保护传统权利。它是与宪政君主制、专制主义并列的第三种模式,其政治源自它的商业精英,而与 3.2 一样,它的宪政主义在起源上是防御性的。