Religion and Politics Entangled · 宗教与政治的纠缠
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Issues of religious reform exacerbated/ˈɪʃuːz ɒv rɪˈlɪdʒəs rɪˈfɔːm eɡˈzæsəbeɪtɪd/ | 加剧 | jiā jù |
Religion sharpened existing conflicts
- Issues of religious reform exacerbated 加剧 conflicts between the monarchy and the nobility, as in the French wars of religion.
- The CED's verb is exacerbated, not caused — the monarchy-nobility conflict of 1.5 was already there.
- So religion supplied a new language and new allies for a struggle that predated it.
宗教加剧了既有的冲突
- 宗教改革的种种议题加剧(exacerbated)了君主与贵族之间的冲突,如法国宗教战争所示。
- CED 用的动词是加剧,而不是"造成"——1.5 中君主与贵族的冲突早已存在。
- 因此宗教为一场先于它的斗争,提供了新的语言与新的盟友。
The CED says religious reform ____ monarchy-nobility conflicts. · CED指出宗教改革____君主-贵族冲突。
The struggle predates the Reformation. · 这场斗争早于宗教改革。
The Habsburgs on two fronts
- Habsburg rulers confronted an expanded Ottoman Empire while attempting unsuccessfully to restore Catholic unity across Europe.
- Two commitments at once, and the CED marks the second unsuccessful.
- A state fighting on two fronts must choose, and the choices it makes are the evidence for what it valued.
两线作战的哈布斯堡
- 哈布斯堡的统治者一面应对扩张中的奥斯曼帝国,一面试图在全欧洲恢复天主教的统一,而未能成功。
- 同时承担两项使命,而 CED 把第二项标为未能成功。
- 一个两线作战的国家必须作出取舍,而它所作的取舍,正是它看重什么的证据。
States on both sides used religious conflict for political and economic ends. · 双方国家均利用宗教冲突实现政治和经济目的。
So a cross-confessional alliance is evidence for the CED's sentence, not a puzzle. · 因此，跨宗派联盟是支持CED论断的证据，而非谜题。
States used religion instrumentally
- States exploited religious conflicts to promote political and economic interests.
- The CED says this plainly, and it applies to Catholic and Protestant states alike.
- So an alliance that crosses a confessional line is not a puzzle — it is evidence for this sentence.
国家把宗教用作工具
- 各国利用宗教冲突来促进政治与经济利益。
- CED 把这一点说得很明白,而它同样适用于天主教与新教国家。
- 因此一个跨越教派界线的联盟并不是一道谜题——它正是这句话的证据。
Exacerbation, instrumental use, or a settlement? · 加剧、工具性利用还是和解？
Sort each development in the entanglement of religion and politics. · 对宗教与政治纠缠中的每个发展进行排序。
The CED gives which motive for the Edict of Nantes? · CED对《南特敕令》给出了什么动机？
Toleration here is an exception adopted for order. · 此处的宽容仅为维持秩序而采取的特例。
Religious reform exacerbated conflicts that already existed. The CED's verb is deliberate — the monarchy-nobility struggle of 1.5 predates the Reformation, and religion supplied it with new language and new allies rather than creating it.
**宗教改革加剧了本已存在的冲突。**CED 的动词是有意选择的——1.5 中君主与贵族的斗争先于宗教改革而存在,而宗教为它提供了新的语言与新的盟友,而不是创造了它。
Select both · 两者 consequences the CED gives the Peace of Westphalia. · 选择CED给出的《威斯特伐利亚和约》的两个后果。
It granted princes, bishops and local leaders control over religion. · 它授予王子、主教和地方领袖对宗教的控制权。
And a few chose pluralism
- A few states, such as France with the Edict of Nantes, allowed religious pluralism in order to maintain domestic peace.
- The CED gives the motive explicitly: domestic peace, not principle.
- A few is its qualifier — toleration in this period is an exception adopted for order.
而少数国家选择了多元
- 少数国家,例如颁布《南特敕令》的法国,允许宗教多元,以维持国内和平。
- CED 明确给出了动机:国内和平,而不是原则。
- "少数"是它的限定语——这一时期的宽容,是为秩序而采取的例外。
The Habsburgs confronted an expanded Ottoman Empire while attempting ____ to restore Catholic unity. · 哈布斯堡王朝在试图____恢复天主教统一时，面临着扩张中的奥斯曼帝国。
A state on two fronts must choose, and its choices are evidence. · 处于两线作战的国家必须做出选择，其选择即为证据。
Westphalia ended an ideal
- The Peace of Westphalia (1648), which marked the effective end of the medieval ideal of universal Christendom, accelerated the decline of the Holy Roman Empire by granting princes, bishops and other local leaders control over religion.
- Two consequences in one sentence: the end of an ideal, and the decline of an institution.
- It also closes unit 1's sovereignty thread: religion is now decided locally, which is the opposite of 1.5's monarchical monopoly at the imperial level.
《威斯特伐利亚和约》终结了一个理想
- 1648 年的《威斯特伐利亚和约》标志着中世纪"普世基督教世界"理想的实际终结,并通过把宗教控制权授予诸侯、主教与其他地方领袖,加速了神圣罗马帝国的衰落。
- 一句话里有两项后果:一个理想的终结,以及一个机构的衰落。
- 它也收束了第一单元的主权线索:宗教如今由地方决定,这与 1.5 中帝国层面的君主垄断恰好相反。
A Catholic power subsidises Protestant armies against a Catholic rival. Nothing about that is inconsistent once you read the CED's sentence: states exploited religious conflicts to promote political and economic interests. The confessional label describes the war's language, not always its aims.
一个天主教强权资助新教军队去对付一个天主教对手。一旦你读了 CED 的那句话,这里没有任何不一致之处:各国利用宗教冲突来促进政治与经济利益。教派的标签描述的是这场战争的语言,而未必总是它的目的。
Religious reform exacerbated monarchy-nobility conflicts, as in the French wars of religion. Habsburg rulers confronted an expanded Ottoman Empire while attempting unsuccessfully to restore Catholic unity. States exploited religious conflicts to promote political and economic interests, and a few, such as France with the Edict of Nantes, allowed pluralism to maintain domestic peace. Westphalia (1648) ended the ideal of universal Christendom and accelerated the Holy Roman Empire's decline.
宗教改革加剧了君主与贵族的冲突,如法国宗教战争所示。哈布斯堡统治者一面应对扩张中的奥斯曼帝国,一面试图恢复天主教统一而未能成功。 各国利用宗教冲突促进政治与经济利益,而少数国家(如颁布《南特敕令》的法国)允许多元,以维持国内和平。1648 年的《威斯特伐利亚和约》终结了普世基督教世界的理想,并加速了神圣罗马帝国的衰落。