The Catholic Reformation · 天主教改革
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| The Catholic Reformation, exemplified by the Jesuit Order | 耶稣会 | yē sū huì |
| and the Council of Trent/ænd ðə ˈkaʊnsl ɒv trent/ | 特伦托会议 | tè lún tuō huì yì |
Revival and division at once
- The Catholic Reformation, exemplified by the Jesuit Order 耶稣会 and the Council of Trent 特伦托会议, revived the church but cemented division within Christianity.
- The CED's sentence carries a but: the same effort that strengthened the church made the split permanent.
- Defining doctrine clearly against a rival is what turns a dispute into two churches.
复兴与分裂同时发生
- 耶稣会(Jesuit Order)特伦特会议(Council of Trent)为代表,复兴了教会,却也把基督教内部的分裂固化了。
- CED 的这句话带着一个却:同一场强化了教会的努力,使这一分裂成为永久。
- 针对一个对手清晰地界定教义,正是把一场争端变成两个教会的原因。
Select both · 两者 effects the CED gives the Catholic Reformation. · 选择CED给出的天主教改革的两个影响。
The same effort did both — that is what the but records. · 同一项努力同时做到了这两点——这正是但是所记录的。
The Jesuits: an order built for a task
- The Jesuit Order combined education, missionary work and direct obedience into a single instrument.
- Schools produce trained defenders of doctrine; missions carry the church into the territories of 1.6 to 1.8.
- So the Catholic Reformation is not only defensive — it is also the church's own expansion programme.
耶稣会:为一项任务而建的修会
- 耶稣会把教育、传教工作与直接的服从,合为一件单一的工具。
- 学校培养出受过训练的教义捍卫者;传教则把教会带入 1.6 至 1.8 所说的那些地域。
- 因此天主教改革不只是防御性的——它同时也是教会自身的扩张计划。
Select all · 所有 the elements the Jesuit Order combined. · 选择耶稣会结合的所有要素。
Schools produce defenders; missions carry the church overseas. · 学校培养捍卫者；传教将教会带入海外。
Trent: defining what was disputed
- The Council of Trent restated doctrine and reformed practice at the points reformers had attacked.
- Reforming the abuses of 2.2 removed a criticism; restating doctrine made compromise on it impossible.
- That is precisely the revived but cemented structure of the CED's sentence, in one institution.
特伦托:界定被争议的东西
- 特伦托会议在改革者所攻击的那些点上,重申教义并改革实践。
- 改革 2.2 中的那些弊端,消除了一项批评;而重申教义,则使在这一点上妥协成为不可能。
- 这恰恰就是 CED 那句话中"复兴却固化"的结构,浓缩在一个机构里。
Revival, cementing division, or continuity? · 复兴、巩固分裂还是延续？
Sort each element of the Catholic Reformation. · 对天主教改革的每个要素进行分类。
Restating disputed doctrine at Trent had the effect of... · 在特伦托重申有争议的教义产生了……的效果
Reforming the abuses removed a criticism; restating doctrine foreclosed reunion. · 改革弊端消除了批评；重申教义关闭了联合之路。
The CED's sentence turns on but. The Catholic Reformation revived the church and cemented division within Christianity — the same effort did both, because defining doctrine sharply against a rival is what makes a dispute permanent.
CED 的这句话以"却"为转折。天主教改革复兴了教会,同时也固化了基督教内部的分裂——同一场努力做了两件事,因为针对一个对手清晰地界定教义,正是使争端成为永久的原因。
Select all · 所有 the continuities in the Church's role. · 选择教会角色中的所有延续性。
The monopoly is exactly what was lost. · 垄断地位正是失去的内容。
Continuity and change in the Church's role
- The objective is the continuities and changes in the role of the Catholic Church from 1450 to 1648.
- Continuity: it remained a landholder, a court system, a patron of art (2.7) and a universal claim.
- Change: it lost the monopoly of 2.1, gained a defined doctrinal boundary, and acquired a global missionary role.
教会角色的延续与变化
- 这一目标是1450 至 1648 年间天主教会角色的延续与变化。
- 延续:它仍然是土地所有者、一套法庭体系、艺术的赞助者(2.7),以及一项普世的主张。
- 变化:它失去了 2.1 中的垄断,获得了明确的教义边界,并取得了一个全球性的传教角色。
When the CED joins two clauses with but, both are examinable. · 当CED用但是连接两个分句时，两者均可考查。
Giving only one is the recurring error across this course. · 只给出一个是本课程中反复出现的错误。
Reading a but sentence
- When the CED joins two clauses with but, both are examinable and they point opposite ways.
- Revived the church is a change in capacity; cemented division is a change in the European religious map.
- An answer giving only one has taken half a sentence, which is the recurring error across this course.
读懂一个"却"字句
- 当 CED 用却连接两个分句时,两者都可能被考到,而且它们指向相反的方向。
- 复兴了教会是能力上的变化;固化了分裂是欧洲宗教版图上的变化。
- 只给出其中一项的答案,只取了半句话,而这是贯穿本课程的一个反复出现的失误。
A council removes an abuse that reformers had attacked, and in the same session defines the disputed doctrine in terms no reformer could accept. The first act answers the criticism; the second forecloses reunion. Both are in the CED's one sentence.
一次会议废除了改革者所攻击的一项弊端,并在同一次会期中,用任何改革者都无法接受的措辞界定了那项有争议的教义。前一个举动回应了批评;后一个则堵死了重新合一的可能。两者都在 CED 的同一句话里。
The Catholic Reformation, exemplified by the Jesuit Order and the Council of Trent, revived the church but cemented division within Christianity. The Jesuits combined education, mission and obedience; Trent reformed abuses and restated disputed doctrine. Continuity: landholding, courts, patronage, a universal claim. Change: the lost monopoly, a defined doctrinal boundary, a global missionary role.
天主教改革,以耶稣会与特伦托会议为代表,复兴了教会,却固化了基督教内部的分裂。耶稣会把教育、传教与服从合为一体;特伦托改革弊端并重申有争议的教义。延续:土地占有、法庭、赞助、普世的主张。变化:失去的垄断、明确的教义边界、全球性的传教角色。