Luther, Calvin and the Responses · 路德、加尔文与各方回应
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Responses to Luther and Calvin included religious radicals, including the Anabaptists | 再洗礼派 | zài xǐ lǐ pài |
Criticism and new doctrine
- Reformers Martin Luther and John Calvin criticised Catholic abuses and established new interpretations of Christian doctrine and practice.
- The CED gives two distinct activities: criticism of abuses and new interpretations.
- Criticism of abuses had a long history; new doctrine is what made this reform unrepairable by reform.
批评与新教义
- 改革者马丁·路德与约翰·加尔文批评天主教的种种弊端,并确立了对基督教教义与实践的新解释。
- CED 给出了两项不同的活动:对弊端的批评与新的解释。
- 对弊端的批评早有先例;而新教义,才是使这场改革无法通过改良来弥合的原因。
Select both · 两者 activities the CED attributes to Luther and Calvin. · 选出 CED 归于路德与加尔文的两项活动。
New doctrine is what made the split unrepairable by reform. · 新教义正是使这一分裂无法通过改良弥合的原因。
Responses ran further than the reformers intended
- Responses to Luther and Calvin included religious radicals, including the Anabaptists 再洗礼派, and other groups, such as German peasants.
- Once the authority of one institution can be questioned on scriptural grounds, others can be questioned the same way.
- So a reform movement generates positions its founders reject — and the CED records those positions as part of the movement.
回应走得比改革者所愿更远
- 对路德与加尔文的回应,包括宗教激进派(其中有再洗礼派(Anabaptists)),以及其他群体,例如德意志农民。
- 一旦一个机构的权威可以依据经文被质疑,其他机构也可以用同样的方式被质疑。
- 因此改革运动会生成它的发起者所拒斥的立场——而 CED 把这些立场记为这场运动的一部分。
Select all · 所有 the responses the CED names. · 选出 CED 点名的所有回应。
The Jesuits belong to the Catholic Reformation in 2.5. · 耶稣会属于 2.5 的天主教改革。
Wealth as a sign of favour
- Some Protestant groups sanctioned the notion that wealth accumulation was a sign of God's favour and a reward for hard work.
- Some and sanctioned are both careful: the CED reports that certain groups approved the idea, not that Protestantism caused capitalism.
- It connects unit 2 to unit 1's commercial capitalism without claiming the connection was causal.
财富作为蒙恩的记号
- 一些新教群体认可这样一种观念:财富的积累是上帝眷顾的记号,也是勤奋工作的报偿。
- "一些"与"认可"都很谨慎:CED 报告的是某些群体赞同这一观念,而不是新教造成了资本主义。
- 它把第二单元与第一单元的商业资本主义连了起来,却没有宣称这一联系是因果性的。
Follow doctrine into a political threat · 从教义走到政治威胁
Doctrine alone threatens nobody — the press and the church's independence are the examinable steps. · 仅有教义威胁不到任何人——印刷术与教会的独立性才是可考的环节。
The CED says Protestantism caused capitalism. · CED 说新教造成了资本主义。
It says some groups sanctioned a notion — an approval, not a cause. · 它说的是一些群体认可了一种观念——一种赞同,而不是一个原因。
The CED does not say Protestantism caused capitalism. It says some Protestant groups sanctioned the notion that wealth was a sign of God's favour — that records an approval, not a cause, and stating it as a cause claims far more than the sentence does.
CED 并没有说新教造成了资本主义。它说的是一些新教群体认可了"财富是上帝眷顾之记号"这一观念——这记录的是一种赞同,而不是一个原因,把它说成原因,比这句话所说的多出太多。
Doctrine explains what the movement said; technology and ____ explain why it lasted. · 教义解释了这场运动说了什么;技术与 ____ 解释了它为何持久。
Printing made isolation impossible and princes gave territorial protection. · 印刷术使孤立成为不可能,而诸侯提供了领地上的庇护。
Why this reform survived
- Earlier reform movements had been suppressed by isolating them geographically.
- Printing (2.3) made isolation impossible, and the princes of 2.4 gave reformers territorial protection.
- So doctrine explains what the movement said; technology and politics explain why it lasted.
这场改革为何存活下来
- 此前的改革运动,曾通过在地理上加以孤立而被压制。
- 印刷术(2.3)使孤立成为不可能,而 2.4 中的诸侯为改革者提供了领地上的庇护。
- 因此教义解释了这场运动说了什么;技术与政治解释了它为何持久。
Radical responses arose because... · 激进的回应之所以出现,是因为……
The method does not stop where its author intended. · 这一方法并不会停在其作者所预期之处。
How and why beliefs changed
- The objective is how and why religious belief and practices changed from 1450 to 1648.
- How: new interpretations of doctrine, new practice, and radical positions beyond them.
- Why: existing criticism of abuses, humanist method from 1.3, printing from 1.4, and princely interest from 1.5.
信仰如何以及为何改变
- 这一目标是1450 至 1648 年间宗教信仰与实践如何以及为何发生变化。
- 如何:对教义的新解释、新的实践,以及超出它们的激进立场。
- 为何:早已存在的对弊端的批评、1.3 的人文主义方法、1.4 的印刷术,以及 1.5 中诸侯的利害。
Luther argues that a practice lacks scriptural warrant. A peasant leader reads the same argument and asks what scriptural warrant a manorial due has. The method does not stop where its author intended, and the CED records both as responses within one movement.
路德论证某项实践缺乏经文依据。一位农民领袖读到同样的论证,便追问一项庄园租课又有什么经文依据。这一方法并不会停在其作者所预期之处,而 CED 把两者都记为同一场运动之内的回应。
Luther and Calvin criticised Catholic abuses and established new interpretations of Christian doctrine and practice. Responses included religious radicals such as the Anabaptists and other groups such as German peasants. Some Protestant groups sanctioned the notion that wealth accumulation was a sign of God's favour — an approval reported, not a cause claimed.
路德与加尔文批评天主教弊端,并确立了对基督教教义与实践的新解释。 回应包括再洗礼派这样的宗教激进派,以及德意志农民这样的其他群体。 一些新教群体认可"财富积累是上帝眷顾之记号"这一观念——这记录的是一种赞同,而不是所主张的原因。