A Divided Christendom · 分裂的基督世界
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Religious pluralism/rɪˈlɪdʒəs ˈplʊərəlɪzəm/ | 宗教多元 | zōng jiào duō yuán |
The unit's governing claim
- Religious pluralism 宗教多元 challenged the concept of a unified Europe.
- Before 1517 a European could assume one western church; after it, the assumption itself became a political question.
- So the Reformation's largest consequence is not a doctrine but the end of an assumption.
本单元的统领性主张
- 宗教多元(religious pluralism)挑战了统一欧洲这一观念。
- 在 1517 年之前,一个欧洲人可以默认西方只有一个教会;此后,这一默认本身成了一个政治问题。
- 因此宗教改革最大的后果不是某项教义,而是一个默认的终结。
The unit's governing claim is that religious pluralism... · 该单元的核心主张是宗教多元化……
Its largest consequence is the end of an assumption. · 其最大的后果是对某种假设的终结。
Two threads carried over from unit 1
- European society and the experiences of everyday life were increasingly shaped by commercial and agricultural capitalism, notwithstanding the continued existence of medieval social and economic structures.
- The struggle for sovereignty within and among states resulted in varying degrees of political centralisation.
- So unit 2 adds religion to two threads already running, and the interesting work is where they meet.
从第一单元延续下来的两条线索
- 欧洲社会与日常生活体验日益受到商业与农业资本主义的塑造,尽管中世纪的社会与经济结构仍然存在。
- 国家内部与国家之间围绕主权的斗争,导致了程度不一的政治集权。
- 因此第二单元是在两条已经运行的线索上加入了宗教,而有意思的工作发生在它们相遇之处。
Select both · 两者 threads carried over from unit 1. · 选择 两个 从单元 1 延续下来的线程。
The interesting work is where they meet religion. · 有趣的工作在于它们与宗教交汇之处。
Religion and sovereignty were the same question
- 1.5 listed the right to determine the religion of their subjects among the four monopolies of the new monarchies.
- So a religious split is automatically a sovereignty crisis: if subjects may choose, a monopoly has been broken.
- That is why this unit's political and religious material cannot be separated.
宗教与主权是同一个问题
- 1.5 把决定臣民宗教信仰的权利列在新君主国的四项垄断之中。
- 因此宗教分裂自动就是一场主权危机:如果臣民可以选择,一项垄断就被打破了。
- 这正是本单元的政治材料与宗教材料无法分开的原因。
Which condition is this? · 这是哪种状况？
Sort each element of the unit's context. · 对单元背景中的每个要素进行排序。
A religious split in this period was automatically a sovereignty crisis. · 此期间的宗教分裂自动构成了主权危机。
1.5 made determining subjects' religion one of four state monopolies. · 1.5使确定臣民信仰成为四大国家垄断之一。
A religious split was automatically a sovereignty crisis. 1.5 lists the right to determine subjects' religion among the four monopolies of the new monarchies — so the moment subjects could choose, a monopoly the state had just claimed was broken, and this unit's religious and political material stops being separable.
**宗教分裂自动就是一场主权危机。**1.5 把决定臣民宗教的权利列在新君主国的四项垄断之中——因此,当臣民可以选择的那一刻,国家刚刚主张的一项垄断就被打破了,而本单元的宗教材料与政治材料也就不再可分。
The ____ preceded the movement, which is why it spread faster than earlier reform attempts. · ____先于这场运动，这就是为什么它比早期改革尝试传播得更快。
1.4 established printing; 2.3 shows reformers using it deliberately. · 1.4确立了印刷术；2.3展示了改革者有意识地使用它。
And printing was already there
- 1.4 established that printing promoted the dissemination of new ideas; 2.3 will show reformers using it deliberately.
- So the technology preceded the movement, which is why the movement spread at a speed earlier reform attempts could not match.
- Context, again, means naming the condition that made the following events possible.
而印刷术已经在那里了
- 1.4 已确立印刷术促进了新观念的传播;2.3 会展示改革者有意地使用它。
- 因此技术先于运动而存在,这正是这场运动的传播速度是此前改革尝试无法企及的原因。
- 语境,再一次,意味着点出使随后事件成为可能的那项条件。
A context answer names conditions rather than... · 背景答案命名的是条件而非……
Listing events instead of conditions answers a narrative question. · 列出事件而非条件是在回答叙事性问题。
Writing the context
- Three conditions: a religious monopoly worth breaking, a technology that could spread a challenge, and rulers who benefited from breaking it.
- Name the condition, then what it made possible — the same shape as 1.1 and World History's 8.1.
- A context answer that lists events instead of conditions has answered a narrative question.
书写语境
- 三项条件:一项值得打破的宗教垄断、一种能够传播挑战的技术,以及从打破它中获益的统治者。
- 点出条件,再说出它使什么成为可能——与 1.1 和《世界史》8.1 是同样的结构。
- 罗列事件而不是条件的语境答案,回答的是一道叙述题。
A prince who accepts a reformed church gains control of monastic land, church courts and appointments in his own territory. Whatever his convictions, the offer is also the largest single expansion of princely authority available in the century — which is why the CED's political and religious threads run together.
一位接受改革教会的诸侯,在自己的领地内获得了对修道院土地、教会法庭与神职任命的控制。无论他本人信念如何,这一提议也是那个世纪里诸侯权威所能获得的最大一次扩张——这正是 CED 的政治线索与宗教线索并行的原因。
Religious pluralism challenged the concept of a unified Europe — the Reformation's largest consequence is the end of an assumption. Two threads carry over: capitalism notwithstanding medieval structures, and the struggle for sovereignty. Because 1.5 made determining subjects' religion a state monopoly, a religious split was automatically a sovereignty crisis, and printing was already in place to spread it.
宗教多元挑战了统一欧洲这一观念——宗教改革最大的后果,是一个默认的终结。两条线索延续下来:尽管中世纪结构仍在却已成长的资本主义,以及围绕主权的斗争。由于 1.5 把决定臣民宗教列为国家垄断,宗教分裂自动就是一场主权危机,而印刷术已经就位,可以传播它。