Money, Land and Marriage · 货币、土地与婚姻
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Innovations in banking and finance promoted the growth of urban financial centres and a money economy | 货币经济 | huò bì jīng jì |
| As western Europe moved toward a free peasantry and commercial agriculture, serfdom | 农奴制 | nóng nú zhì |
| From the late 16th century on, Europeans responded to economic and environmental challenges, such as the Little Ice Age | 小冰期 | xiǎo bīng qī |
Banking and a money economy
- Innovations in banking and finance promoted the growth of urban financial centres and a money economy 货币经济.
- A money economy is one in which obligations are settled in coin or credit rather than in labour or produce.
- So the same century that produced the Renaissance produced the instruments that paid for it.
银行业与货币经济
- 货币经济(money economy)的成长。
- 货币经济是指各种义务以钱币或信用而非以劳役或实物来清偿的经济。
- 因此产生了文艺复兴的那个世纪,也产生了为它付账的那些工具。
A money economy is one in which obligations are settled in... · 货币经济是一种义务通过……结清的经济。
Banking and finance innovations promoted its growth. · 银行和金融创新促进了其增长。
But most people still farmed
- Most Europeans derived their livelihood from agriculture and oriented their lives around the seasons, the village or the manor, although economic changes began to alter rural production and power.
- The CED writes the continuity first and the change second — the same shape as 1.1's notwithstanding.
- Economic change produced new social patterns, while traditions of hierarchy and status continued.
但多数人仍在务农
- 多数欧洲人以农业为生,其生活围绕季节、村庄或庄园展开,尽管经济变化已开始改变乡村的生产与权力。
- CED 先写延续,后写变化——与 1.1 中"尽管"的结构相同。
- 经济变化产生了新的社会格局,而等级与身份的传统仍在延续。
As western Europe moved toward a free peasantry, in the east... · 当西欧走向自由农民时，在东部……
One commercial pressure, two opposite legal outcomes. · 一种商业压力，两种相反的法律结果。
East and west went opposite ways
- As western Europe moved toward a free peasantry and commercial agriculture, serfdom 农奴制 was codified in the east, where nobles continued to dominate economic life on large estates.
- One commercial pressure, two opposite legal outcomes — which makes this the unit's best controlled comparison.
- The same demand for grain that freed labour in one place bound it in another.
东西方走向相反
- 当西欧走向自由农民与商业化农业时,农奴制(serfdom)却在东欧被以法律固定下来,那里的贵族继续在大庄园上主宰经济生活。
- 同一种商业压力,两种相反的法律结果——这使它成为本单元最好的受控比较。
- 同一种对谷物的需求,在一处解放了劳动力,在另一处却把它束缚住了。
Change, continuity, or a response to pressure? · 变化、延续还是对压力的回应？
Sort each development in European society 1450-1648. · 对1450-1648年欧洲社会的发展进行排序。
Landlords restricting or abolishing traditional peasant rights led to . · 地主限制或废除传统农民权利导致了。
The countryside and the town were under pressure from the same change. · 乡村和城市都受到同一种变化的压力。
One commercial pressure produced opposite legal outcomes east and west. Western Europe moved toward a free peasantry; in the east serfdom was codified. Treating rising grain demand as a single force with a single effect misses the unit's sharpest comparison.
同一种商业压力在东西方产生了相反的法律结果。西欧走向自由农民;而在东欧,农奴制被以法律固定下来。把不断上升的谷物需求当作一股只有单一效果的力量,就错过了本单元最鲜明的比较。
Select both · 两者 effects the CED gives the European marriage pattern. · 选择CED给出的欧洲婚姻模式的两种影响。
The Little Ice Age is one of the challenges it responded to. · 小冰期是其应对的挑战之一。
Pressure produced revolt
- The attempts of landlords to increase their revenues by restricting or abolishing the traditional rights of peasants led to revolt.
- Migrants to the cities challenged the ability of merchant elites and craft guilds to govern, and strained resources.
- So both the countryside and the town were under pressure from the same commercial change.
压力引发反抗
- 地主通过限制或废除农民传统权利来增加收入的种种尝试,引发了反抗。
- 迁入城市的移民,挑战了商人精英与手工业行会的治理能力,并使资源紧张。
- 因此乡村与城镇都承受着来自同一场商业变化的压力。
The CED writes the agricultural continuity before the economic change. · CED在经济变化之前写道农业具有延续性。
The same shape as 1.1's notwithstanding. · 与1.1中的notwithstanding形状相同。
The European marriage pattern
- From the late 16th century on, Europeans responded to economic and environmental challenges, such as the Little Ice Age 小冰期, by delaying marriage and childbearing.
- This European marriage pattern restrained population growth and ultimately improved the economic condition of families.
- It is a rare case of a demographic decision taken widely and privately, with a measurable economic result.
欧洲婚姻模式
- 小冰期(Little Ice Age)。
- 这种欧洲婚姻模式抑制了人口增长,并最终改善了家庭的经济状况。
- 这是一个罕见的案例:一项被广泛而私下作出的人口决定,带来了可度量的经济结果。
Grain prices rise across Europe. In one region landlords respond by hiring wage labour and renting land; in another they respond by tying peasants to the soil so the labour cannot leave. The market signal is identical, and the institutions it met were not.
谷物价格在整个欧洲上涨。在一个地区,地主的回应是雇佣工资劳动力并出租土地;在另一个地区,他们的回应是把农民束缚在土地上,使劳动力无法离开。市场信号完全相同,而它所遇到的制度并不相同。
Banking and finance innovations promoted urban financial centres and a money economy, but most Europeans still derived their livelihood from agriculture and traditions of hierarchy and status continued. Western Europe moved toward a free peasantry while serfdom was codified in the east. Landlords restricting peasant rights led to revolt, migrants strained cities, and the European marriage pattern restrained population growth and improved families' economic condition.
银行业与金融的创新促进了城市金融中心与货币经济,但多数欧洲人仍以农业为生,而等级与身份的传统仍在延续。西欧走向自由农民,而农奴制在东欧被以法律固定下来。地主限制农民权利引发了反抗,移民使城市资源紧张,而欧洲婚姻模式抑制了人口增长并改善了家庭的经济状况。