Why and How Europeans Sailed · 欧洲人为何以及如何出海
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Advances in navigation, cartography/ədˈvænsɪz ɪn ˌnævɪˈɡeɪʃn kɑːˈtɒɡrəfi/ | 制图学 | zhì tú xué |
| The rise of mercantilism/ðə raɪz ɒv ˈmɜːkæntəlɪzəm/ | 重商主义 | zhòng shāng zhǔ yì |
Three technical fields
- Advances in navigation, cartography 制图学 and military technology enabled Europeans to establish overseas colonies and empires.
- The CED's verb is enabled — technology made the voyages possible; it did not motivate them.
- Military technology is in the list, which tells you the empires were established by force as well as by seamanship.
三个技术领域
- 航海术、制图学(cartography)与军事技术的进步,使欧洲人得以建立海外殖民地与帝国。
- CED 用的动词是使得以——技术使航行成为可能;它并不构成动机。
- 军事技术在这份清单上,这告诉你这些帝国既靠航海术、也靠武力建立。
Select all · 所有 three technical fields the CED names. · 选出 CED 点名的全部三个技术领域。
Military technology in the list tells you empires were established by force too. · 清单上的军事技术告诉你,这些帝国也是靠武力建立的。
Wealth and state power together
- European states sought direct access to gold, spices and luxury goods to enhance personal wealth and state power.
- Direct is the key word: the goods already reached Europe through intermediaries, and the aim was to cut them out.
- The CED pairs personal wealth and state power, so a motive can be private and public at once.
财富与国家权力并行
- 欧洲国家寻求直接获取黄金、香料与奢侈品,以增进个人财富与国家权力。
- 直接是关键词:这些商品早已通过中间商到达欧洲,而目的是把他们排除掉。
- CED 把个人财富与国家权力并列,因此一个动机可以同时是私人的与公共的。
The key word in the motive for seeking gold and spices is... · 寻求黄金与香料这一动机中的关键词是……
The goods already reached Europe through intermediaries. · 这些商品早已通过中间商到达欧洲。
Mercantilism gave the state a role
- The rise of mercantilism 重商主义 gave the state a new role in promoting commercial development and the acquisition of colonies overseas.
- Under mercantilism a colony exists to supply the metropole and buy from it, which makes trade a matter of state policy.
- So exploration is not merely commercial: the CED makes it a function of the centralising state of 1.5.
重商主义赋予国家一个角色
- 重商主义(mercantilism)的兴起,赋予国家一个促进商业发展与获取海外殖民地的新角色。
- 在重商主义之下,殖民地的存在是为了向宗主国供货并向它购货,这使贸易成为国家政策问题。
- 因此探索并不只是商业性的:CED 把它当作 1.5 中那个走向集权之国家的一项职能。
Follow Europeans out onto the ocean · 跟着欧洲人驶向大洋
Advances in navigation, cartography and military technology give the capability; the motives are older. · 导航、制图与军事技术的进步提供了能力;动机则要古老得多。
Under ____, a colony exists to supply the metropole and buy from it. · 在 ____ 之下,殖民地的存在是为了向宗主国供货并向它购货。
Which makes trade a matter of state policy. · 这使贸易成为国家政策问题。
Technology enabled the voyages; it did not motivate them. The CED uses enabled for navigation, cartography and military technology, and sought for gold, spices and luxury goods. Offering a technology as a reason for sailing answers the wrong objective.
**技术使这些航行成为可能;它并不构成动机。**CED 对航海术、制图学与军事技术用的是"使得以",对黄金、香料与奢侈品用的是"寻求"。把一项技术当作出海的理由,回答的是错误的目标。
Select both · 两者 functions the CED gives Christianity here. · 选出 CED 在此处赋予基督教的两种功能。
A motive for going, and a justification for what was done on arrival. · 出行的动机,以及抵达之后所作所为的辩护。
Christianity, as stimulus and as justification
- Christianity was a stimulus for exploration as governments and religious authorities sought to spread the faith, and for some it served as a justification for the subjugation of indigenous civilisations.
- The CED carefully separates the two functions: a motive for going, and a justification for what was done on arrival.
- For some is its qualifier on the second — the CED does not claim every actor used it that way.
基督教:既是动力,也是辩护
- 基督教是探索的一种动力,因为政府与宗教权威力图传播信仰;而对一些人来说,它充当了征服原住民文明的辩护。
- CED 谨慎地把两种功能分开:出行的动机,以及抵达之后所作所为的辩护。
- "对一些人来说"是它对后者的限定语——CED 并不宣称每一个行动者都这样使用它。
The CED uses different verbs for technology and for motives. · CED 对技术与对动机使用了不同的动词。
Enabled versus sought — answering the wrong objective is the commonest error here. · 使得以对寻求——答错目标是这里最常见的失误。
Two objectives, two questions
- The technological objective asks what made voyages possible; the motivations objective asks why they were undertaken.
- Answering the wrong one is the commonest error here, and the CED's own verbs keep them apart: enabled versus sought.
- A complete answer gives one technology and one motive, and never confuses which is which.
两个目标,两个问题
- 技术目标问的是什么使航行成为可能;动机目标问的是为何进行这些航行。
- 答错问题是这里最常见的失误,而 CED 自己的动词把两者分得很清:使得以对寻求。
- 完整的答案会各给出一项技术与一项动机,并且绝不把两者搞混。
Spices reached Europe long before 1450, carried through a chain of intermediaries who each took a share. The motive is not to obtain spices; it is to obtain them directly. That one word turns a want into a reason to cross an ocean.
早在 1450 年之前,香料就已到达欧洲,经由一连串各取一份的中间商辗转运来。动机并不是获得香料;而是直接获得它们。就是这一个词,把一种想要变成了横渡大洋的理由。
Advances in navigation, cartography and military technology enabled Europeans to establish overseas colonies and empires. European states sought direct access to gold, spices and luxury goods to enhance personal wealth and state power. Mercantilism gave the state a new role in commercial development and colonial acquisition. Christianity was a stimulus, and for some a justification for subjugation.
航海术、制图学与军事技术的进步使欧洲人得以建立海外殖民地与帝国。 欧洲国家寻求直接获取黄金、香料与奢侈品,以增进个人财富与国家权力。 重商主义赋予国家一个新角色,涉及商业发展与殖民地获取。基督教是一种动力,而对一些人来说是征服的辩护。