Coercion and Negotiation · 强制与协商
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Europeans established overseas empires and trade networks through coercion | 强制 | qiáng zhì |
| and negotiation/ænd nɪˌɡəʊʃɪˈeɪʃn/ | 谈判 | tán pàn |
Two methods, named together
- Europeans established overseas empires and trade networks through coercion 强制 and negotiation 谈判.
- The CED names both in one clause, so neither is the whole story and each needs evidence.
- Which method was used where depended on relative power, on what was wanted, and on whether an existing state could refuse.
被一并点名的两种方法
- 欧洲人通过强制(coercion)与谈判(negotiation)建立起海外帝国与贸易网络。
- CED 在同一个分句里点出两者,因此哪一个都不是全部故事,而每一个都需要证据。
- 在哪里使用哪种方法,取决于相对力量、取决于所求为何,也取决于既有国家能否拒绝。
Select both · 两者 methods the CED names. · 选择CED指出的两种方法。
Neither is the whole story, and each needs evidence. · 两者都不是完整的故事，且每种都需要证据支持。
Where negotiation happened
- Against a strong state with its own navy, army and courts, a European trading company negotiated for permission and paid for it.
- Treaties, licences, rents and gifts are the ordinary evidence of that relationship.
- So a trading post in Asia is often a contract, and it can be revoked.
谈判发生在哪里
- 面对一个拥有自己海军、军队与法庭的强大国家,欧洲的贸易公司要通过谈判取得许可,并为此付费。
- 条约、执照、租金与礼物,就是这种关系的寻常证据。
- 因此亚洲的一个商站往往是一份契约,而契约是可以被撤销的。
A negotiated trading post is evidence that the local state was... · 一个经协商建立的贸易站是当地国家……的证据
The method is a measurement of the relationship. · 这种方法是对关系的衡量。
Where coercion happened
- Where an existing polity could not enforce a refusal, coercion was cheaper than agreement.
- The military technology of 1.6 is what made that calculation possible, and 1.8 records its consequences.
- So the same European actor could negotiate in one ocean and coerce in another within the same decade.
强制发生在哪里
- 在既有政体无法强制执行拒绝之处,强制比协议更便宜。
- 1.6 中的军事技术,正是使这一盘算成为可能的东西,而 1.8 记录了它的后果。
- 因此同一个欧洲行动者,可以在同一个十年里,在一片海洋中谈判、在另一片海洋中强制。
Coercion, negotiation, or European rivalry? · 是强制、协商还是欧洲竞争？
Sort each piece of evidence. · 对每件证据进行排序。
European expansion used the same method everywhere. · 欧洲扩张在所有地方都使用了相同的方法。
The same power negotiated in one ocean and coerced in another. · 同一种权力在一个海洋中协商，在另一个海洋中强制。
The same European power negotiated in one place and coerced in another. The CED names both methods in one clause, so an answer that treats expansion as uniformly violent — or uniformly commercial — has picked half of the sentence it is quoting.
**同一个欧洲强权在一处谈判、在另一处强制。**CED 在同一个分句里点出两种方法,因此把扩张一概当作暴力的——或一概当作商业的——答案,只挑走了它所引用之句子的一半。
A route was valuable partly because a ____ did not have it. · 一条路线之所以有价值，部分是因为____没有它。
So overseas expansion turned into European rivalry. · 因此海外扩张变成了欧洲竞争。
Relations between European states
- The objective asks how and why trading networks and colonial expansion affected relations between and among European states.
- A route or a colony was valuable partly because a rival did not have it, so overseas expansion turned into European rivalry.
- So a war fought in Europe can have an overseas cause — a point the course returns to in units 3 and 5.
欧洲国家之间的关系
- 这一目标问的是贸易网络与殖民扩张如何以及为何影响了欧洲国家之间的关系。
- 一条航路或一块殖民地之所以有价值,部分原因在于对手没有它,因此海外扩张转化为欧洲内部的对立。
- 因此一场在欧洲打的战争,可以有一个海外的成因——本课程在第三与第五单元会回到这一点。
Select all · 所有 the ordinary evidence of a negotiated relationship. · 选择CED指出的所有协商关系的一般证据。
Bombardment is the evidence of the other method. · 炮击是另一种方法的证据。
Naming the method is the analysis
- For any given post, colony or route: was it obtained by coercion or negotiation, and what does that tell you about local power?
- A negotiated arrangement is evidence that the local state was strong; a coerced one is evidence that it was not.
- So the method is a measurement of the relationship, which is far more useful than a list of possessions.
点出方法就是分析
- 对任何一个商站、殖民地或航路:它是通过强制还是通过谈判获得的,而这告诉你当地权力状况如何?
- 经谈判达成的安排,是当地国家强大的证据;经强制取得的,则是它并不强大的证据。
- 因此方法是对这种关系的一次度量,而这比一份领地清单有用得多。
A company pays rent for a factory site under a local ruler's law in one ocean, and takes a harbour by bombardment in another. Reading the two together tells you less about European intentions than about which local state could enforce a refusal.
一家公司在一片海洋中,依当地统治者的法律为一处商馆用地缴纳租金;在另一片海洋中,则用炮击夺取一个港口。把两者并读,与其说告诉了你欧洲人的意图,不如说告诉了你哪个当地国家能够强制执行拒绝。
Europeans established overseas empires and trade networks through coercion and negotiation. Which method was used depended on whether a local state could enforce a refusal — so the method is a measurement of local power. Expansion also turned into rivalry among European states, giving European wars overseas causes.
欧洲人通过强制与谈判建立起海外帝国与贸易网络。使用哪种方法,取决于当地国家能否强制执行拒绝——因此方法是对当地权力的一次度量。扩张也转化为欧洲国家之间的对立,使欧洲的战争带上了海外的成因。