New Monarchies · 新君主制
Four powers a centralised state claimed
- New monarchies laid the foundation for the centralised modern state by establishing monopolies on tax collection, employing military force, dispensing justice, and gaining the right to determine the religion of their subjects.
- Four powers: tax, force, justice, religion — and each had previously been shared with nobles, towns or the Church.
- So centralisation is a transfer of specific functions, which makes it measurable rather than vague.
集权国家所主张的四项权力
- 新君主国通过确立税收征取的垄断、动用军事力量、施行司法,以及取得决定臣民宗教信仰的权利,为集权的现代国家奠定了基础。
- 四项权力:税收、武力、司法、宗教——而每一项此前都曾与贵族、城镇或教会共享。
- 因此集权是若干具体职能的转移,这使它可以被度量,而不是含混不清。
Select all · 所有 four monopolies the CED names. · 选择CED指出的所有四个垄断领域。
Each had previously been shared with nobles, towns or the Church. · 这些权力此前曾与贵族、城镇或教会共享。
Reform from the top down
- Monarchs and princes, including the English rulers Henry VIII and Elizabeth I, initiated religious reform from the top down in an effort to exercise greater control over religious life and morality.
- The CED's phrase from the top down distinguishes this from the popular reform movements of unit 2.
- So a ruler's reformation is a sovereignty story before it is a theological one.
自上而下的改革
- 君主与诸侯,包括英格兰的统治者亨利八世与伊丽莎白一世,自上而下地发起宗教改革,力图对宗教生活与道德施加更大的控制。
- CED 的措辞自上而下,把这与第二单元的民间改革运动区分开来。
- 因此统治者的宗教改革,首先是一个主权故事,然后才是一个神学故事。
The CED's phrase for monarchs' religious reform is from the ____ down. · CED关于君主宗教改革的表述是“自上而下的____”。
That distinguishes it from the popular movements of unit 2. · 这将其与单元 2 的群众运动区分开来。
New people in politics
- Across Europe, commercial and professional groups gained in power and played a greater role in political affairs.
- A monarch who needs revenue and trained administrators will find both outside the nobility.
- So centralisation and the rise of commercial groups are the same process seen from two sides.
政治中的新人
- 在整个欧洲,商业与专业群体的权力有所增长,并在政治事务中扮演更大的角色。
- 一位需要财政收入与受过训练之行政人员的君主,会在贵族之外找到这两样东西。
- 因此集权与商业群体的兴起,是同一个过程的两个侧面。
Which power is being claimed? · 正在主张哪种权力？
Sort each development by the CED's four monopolies. · 根据 CED 的四种垄断对每个发展进行分类。
Commercial and professional groups gained power partly because a monarch... · 商业和专业团体获得权力，部分原因是因为君主……
Centralisation and their rise are the same process from two sides. · 中央集权与他们的崛起是从两个侧面看同一过程。
A ruler's reformation is a sovereignty story first. The CED says monarchs initiated reform from the top down in an effort to exercise greater control over religious life and morality — the theology matters, but the objective here is about the power the reform transferred.
统治者的宗教改革首先是一个主权故事。CED 说君主们自上而下地发起改革,力图对宗教生活与道德施加更大的控制——神学固然重要,但这里的目标关乎的是这场改革所转移的权力。
New concepts of the secular state emerged where centralisation succeeded most. · 在中央集权最成功的地方，出现了世俗国家的新观念。
The CED locates them in Italy's continued political fragmentation. · CED将它们定位在意大利的持续政治分裂之中。
Italy went the other way
- Continued political fragmentation in Renaissance Italy provided a background for the development of new concepts of the secular state.
- Where no monarch could centralise, thinkers analysed power as it actually worked between competing states.
- So the theory of the secular state emerged where centralisation failed, which is a useful irony to be able to state.
意大利走了另一条路
- 文艺复兴时期意大利持续的政治分裂,为世俗国家新概念的发展提供了背景。
- 在没有君主能够实现集权之处,思想家们分析的是权力在相互竞争的国家之间实际如何运作。
- 因此关于世俗国家的理论,恰恰出现在集权失败之处,这是一个值得会说的有用反讽。
Match each cause to the institution it produced. · 将每个原因与其产生的机构匹配。
Centralisation is a transfer of specific functions, which makes it measurable. · 中央集权是特定职能的转移，因此是可以衡量的。
Causes and effects of institutions
- The objective is the causes and effects of the development of political institutions from 1450 to 1648.
- Causes: war finance, the need for administration, and the opportunity religious reform created.
- Effects: standing revenue, professional officials, and the varying degrees of centralisation from 1.1.
制度的成因与结果
- 这一目标是1450 至 1648 年间政治制度发展的成因与结果。
- 成因:战争财政、行政管理的需要,以及宗教改革所创造的机会。
- 结果:稳定的财政收入、职业化的官员,以及 1.1 中所说的"程度不一"的集权。
Before, a subject could be taxed by a lord, tried in a church court and told what to believe by a bishop appointed abroad. Afterwards, one authority claims all three. Nothing about daily life need look different on the first morning, and the constitutional change is total.
从前,一个臣民可能被领主课税、在教会法庭受审,并由一位在海外任命的主教告诉他该信什么。此后,一个权威把这三项全都主张为己有。第一天早上的日常生活也许看不出任何不同,而宪制上的变化却是彻底的。
New monarchies laid the foundation for the centralised modern state by claiming monopolies on tax collection, military force, justice and the right to determine subjects' religion. Monarchs initiated religious reform from the top down to control religious life and morality. Commercial and professional groups gained political power, while Italy's continued fragmentation produced new concepts of the secular state.
新君主国为集权的现代国家奠定了基础,通过主张对税收征取、军事力量、司法,以及决定臣民宗教之权利的垄断。君主自上而下地发起宗教改革,以控制宗教生活与道德。商业与专业群体获得了政治权力,而意大利持续的分裂则产生了世俗国家的新概念。