Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification · 生物累积与生物放大
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| predator/ˈpredətə/ | 捕食者 | bǔ shí zhě |
| bioaccumulation/ˌbaɪəʊəˌkjuːmjʊˈleɪʃn/ | 生物累积 | shēng wù lěi jī |
| biomagnification/ˌbaɪəʊˌmæɡnɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ | 生物放大 | shēng wù fàng dà |
How a trace becomes a poison
- A pollutant may be present in water at a tiny, harmless level.
- Yet the top predators can end up dangerously poisoned.
- Two linked processes explain this.
- They are bioaccumulation 生物累积 and biomagnification 生物放大.
微量如何变成毒药
- 一种污染物可能以微量、无害的水平存在于水中。
- 然而顶级捕食者可能最终被危险地毒害。
- 两个相关联的过程解释这一点。
- 它们是生物累积(bioaccumulation)和生物放大(biomagnification)。
Bioaccumulation: building up in one body
- Some toxins dissolve in fat and are hard to excrete.
- So an animal takes them in faster than it can get rid of them.
- Over its life, the toxin builds up in its body.
- This buildup inside one organism is bioaccumulation.
生物累积:在一个身体里积累
- 有些毒素溶于脂肪,难以排出。
- 所以一个动物摄入它们的速度快于它能摆脱的速度。
- 在它一生中,毒素在它体内积累。
- 这种在一个生物体内的积累是生物累积。
Bioaccumulation is when a toxin… · 生物累积是当一种毒素……
Bioaccumulation is the buildup of a toxin inside a single organism over time, faster than it can excrete it. · 生物累积是一种毒素在单个生物体内随时间的积累,快于它能排出的速度。
Biomagnification: rising up the chain
- A small fish eats hundreds of contaminated plankton.
- It keeps all their toxin, so it is more concentrated than any plankton.
- A big fish eats many small fish, concentrating it further.
- Rising concentration up each level is biomagnification.
生物放大:沿链上升
- 一条小鱼吃数百个受污染的浮游生物。
- 它保留它们所有的毒素,所以它比任何浮游生物都更浓缩。
- 一条大鱼吃许多小鱼,把它进一步浓缩。
- 沿每一级上升的浓度是生物放大。
How a toxin climbs the food chain · 毒素如何沿食物链攀升
Follow a trace of toxin from water up to the top predator, growing at every step. · 跟随微量毒素从水向上到顶级捕食者,在每一步都增长。
Biomagnification means the toxin concentration… · 生物放大意味着毒素浓度……
Biomagnification is the increase · 增加 in toxin concentration at each higher trophic level. · 生物放大是每个更高营养级的毒素浓度的增加。
The animal with the highest toxin level is usually the top . · 毒素水平最高的动物通常是顶级。
The top predator eats many contaminated prey, so it ends up with the highest concentration. · 顶级捕食者吃许多受污染的猎物,所以它最终拥有最高的浓度。
The top predator pays
- Each step up the food chain multiplies the dose.
- The top predator 捕食者 ends up with the highest level of all.
- Eagles, big fish, and humans are near the top.
- A trace in the water becomes a deadly dose at the top.
顶级捕食者付出代价
- 食物链每上一步就使剂量成倍增加。
- 顶级捕食者(predator)最终拥有所有中最高的水平。
- 鹰、大鱼和人类靠近顶端。
- 水中的微量在顶端变成致命的剂量。
Toxins that biomagnify are usually ones that persist and do not break down or flush out. · 生物放大的毒素通常是那些持久、不分解也不排出的。
Only persistent, fat-stored toxins (like POPs) build up and magnify — the rest flush away. · 只有持久的、储存在脂肪中的毒素(比如POP)会积累并放大——其余的排出去。
Select all · 所有 true statements. · 选出所有正确说法。
Toxins concentrate — not dilute — up the chain, so top predators carry the most. The last option is backwards. · 毒素沿链向上浓缩——而非稀释——所以顶级捕食者携带最多。最后一项是反的。
Keep the two words straight. Bioaccumulation is within one organism — a toxin building up in a single body over time. Biomagnification is across the food chain — the concentration rising at each higher level. They work together: each animal accumulates, and because predators eat many prey, the total magnifies upward. Only persistent, fat-stored toxins (like POPs and mercury) do this.
把两个词分清。生物累积是在一个生物体内——毒素在单个身体里随时间积累。生物放大是跨越食物链——浓度在每个更高的级别上升。它们共同作用:每个动物累积,而因为捕食者吃许多猎物,总量向上放大。只有持久的、储存在脂肪中的毒素(比如POP和汞)会这样。
Mercury in a lake:
- The water holds only a trace of mercury — far too little to harm anything directly.
- Plankton bioaccumulate it; small fish eat thousands of plankton; big fish eat many small fish.
- By the time it reaches the eagle (or the human) at the top, the mercury has biomagnified to a dose thousands of times higher than the water — high enough to cause real harm.
一个湖里的汞:
- 水中只含有微量的汞——远不足以直接伤害任何东西。
- 浮游生物生物累积它;小鱼吃数千个浮游生物;大鱼吃许多小鱼。
- 到它到达顶端的鹰(或人)时,汞已经生物放大到比水高数千倍的剂量——高到足以造成真正的伤害。
Bioaccumulation is a toxin building up within one organism over its life. Biomagnification is the concentration rising at each higher level of the food chain. Together they mean a harmless trace in water becomes a dangerous dose in the top predator. Only persistent, fat-stored toxins (POPs, mercury) behave this way.
生物累积是一种毒素在一个生物一生中在体内积累。生物放大是浓度在食物链每个更高级别的上升。它们共同意味着水中无害的微量在顶级捕食者体内变成危险的剂量。只有持久的、储存在脂肪中的毒素(POP、汞)会这样表现。