Total Fertility Rate · 总和生育率
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| total fertility rate/ˈtəʊtl fɜːˈtɪlɪti reɪt/ | 总和生育率 | zǒng hé shēng yù lǜ |
| replacement level/rɪˈpleɪsmənt ˈlevl/ | 替代水平 | tì dài shuǐ píng |
How many children?
- Whether a nation's population grows or shrinks comes down to one number.
- That number is how many children the average woman has.
- Above a certain level, the population grows; below it, it shrinks.
- This key measure is the total fertility rate.
多少个孩子?
- 一个国家的人口是增长还是缩小,归结为一个数字。
- 那个数字是普通女性生育多少个孩子。
- 在某个水平之上,人口增长;在它之下,人口缩小。
- 这个关键的度量就是总和生育率。
The total fertility rate
- The total fertility rate 总和生育率 (TFR) is the average number of children a woman has in her life.
- A high TFR means fast population growth.
- A low TFR means slow growth or decline.
- It is one of the most important numbers in population studies.
总和生育率
- 总和生育率(total fertility rate)(TFR)是一个女性一生平均生育的孩子数量。
- 高的 TFR 意味着快速的人口增长。
- 低的 TFR 意味着缓慢的增长或衰退。
- 它是人口研究中最重要的数字之一。
The total fertility rate (TFR) is… · 总和生育率(TFR)是……
The total fertility rate is the average number of children born to a woman over her life. · 总和生育率是一个女性一生中生育的平均孩子数量。
The replacement level
- The replacement level 替代水平 is the TFR that keeps a population stable.
- It is about 2.1 children per woman.
- Two children replace the two parents; the extra 0.1 allows for children who die young.
- At exactly replacement, each generation is the same size.
替代水平
- 替代水平(replacement level)是让人口保持稳定的 TFR。
- 它大约是每个女性 2.1 个孩子。
- 两个孩子替代两个父母;额外的 0.1 补偿早逝的孩子。
- 恰好在替代水平,每一代大小相同。
The replacement level TFR — where a population stays roughly stable — is about… · 替代水平的 TFR——种群大致保持稳定的地方——大约是……
A TFR of about 2.1 replaces the parents (plus a little for early deaths), keeping the population stable. · 大约 2.1 的 TFR 替代父母(加一点点补偿早逝),让种群保持稳定。
A TFR below 2.1 means the population will slowly . · 低于 2.1 的 TFR 意味着种群将慢慢。
Below the replacement level, each generation is smaller, so the population shrinks. · 低于替代水平,每一代都更小,所以种群缩小。
Above and below replacement
- Above 2.1, the population grows — each generation is larger.
- Below 2.1, the population slowly shrinks and ages.
- As countries develop and educate women, TFR tends to fall.
- Many wealthy nations now have TFRs below replacement.
高于和低于替代水平
- 在 2.1 之上,人口增长——每一代都更大。
- 在 2.1 之下,人口慢慢缩小并老化。
- 随着国家发展和教育女性,TFR 倾向于下降。
- 许多富裕国家现在的 TFR 低于替代水平。
Growing, stable, or shrinking? · 增长、稳定,还是缩小?
Sort each fertility rate by whether it is above, at, or below the replacement level of about 2.1. · 按照每个生育率高于、等于还是低于约 2.1 的替代水平,给它们分类。
Fertility rates tend to fall as countries develop and educate women. · 随着国家发展和教育女性,生育率倾向于下降。
Education, healthcare, and development strongly lower fertility rates worldwide. · 教育、医疗和发展在世界各地强烈地降低生育率。
Select all · 所有 true statements about total fertility rate. · 选出关于总和生育率的所有正确说法。
TFR measures births, not deaths. The other three are correct. · TFR 衡量出生,不是死亡。其余三条正确。
The replacement level is a little above two, not exactly two. It is about 2.1, because some children die before they grow up to have their own. In places with higher child mortality, the replacement level is even higher — you must more than replace the parents.
替代水平比二略高,不是恰好二。它大约是 2.1,因为一些孩子在长大生育自己的孩子之前就死了。在儿童死亡率更高的地方,替代水平甚至更高——你必须不止替代父母。
Why education lowers fertility:
- When girls stay in school and women can work, families tend to have fewer children.
- Better healthcare means more children survive, so parents choose to have fewer.
- Across the world, as development rises, the TFR falls — often from 5 or 6 down toward 2.
教育为什么降低生育率:
- 当女孩留在学校、女性能工作时,家庭倾向于生更少的孩子。
- 更好的医疗意味着更多孩子存活,所以父母选择生更少。
- 在世界各地,随着发展上升,TFR 下降——常常从 5 或 6 降向 2。
The total fertility rate (TFR) is the average number of children a woman has. The replacement level — about 2.1 — keeps a population stable. Above it the population grows; below it, the population shrinks. Development, education, and healthcare all tend to lower the TFR.
总和生育率(TFR)是一个女性生育的平均孩子数量。替代水平——大约 2.1——让人口保持稳定。在它之上人口增长;在它之下,人口缩小。发展、教育和医疗都倾向于降低 TFR。