Survivorship Curves · 存活曲线
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| survivorship curve/səˈvaɪvəʃɪp kɜːv/ | 存活曲线 | cún huó qū xiàn |
When do organisms die?
- Some species lose most of their young early; others survive to old age.
- A survivorship curve captures this pattern.
- It plots how many of a group are still alive at each age.
- The shape of the curve reveals a species' whole life strategy.
生物什么时候死?
- 有些物种早期就失去大多数幼体;另一些存活到老年。
- 一条存活曲线捕捉这个模式。
- 它画出一个群体有多少在每个年龄仍然活着。
- 曲线的形状揭示一个物种的整个生命策略。
Type I: die late
- A survivorship curve 存活曲线 shows survivors versus age.
- A Type I curve stays high, then drops steeply at old age.
- Most individuals survive youth and die old.
- Humans and elephants show Type I — few young, heavily cared for.
Type I:晚死
- 一条存活曲线(survivorship curve)显示存活者对年龄。
- 一条 Type I 曲线保持高位,然后在老年急剧下降。
- 大多数个体挺过青年,老年才死。
- 人类和大象显示 Type I——少数幼体,大量照顾。
A survivorship curve shows… · 一条存活曲线显示……
A survivorship curve plots how many individuals of a group are still alive at each age. · 一条存活曲线画出一个群体有多少个体在每个年龄仍然活着。
Type II: steady loss
- A Type II curve falls at a steady, straight rate.
- Individuals have about the same chance of dying at any age.
- Many birds and small mammals show this pattern.
- It sits between the two extremes.
Type II:稳定损失
- 一条 Type II 曲线以稳定、笔直的速率下降。
- 个体在任何年龄死亡的机会大致相同。
- 许多鸟和小型哺乳动物显示这个模式。
- 它位于两个极端之间。
A Type I curve (like humans) means most individuals… · 一条 Type I 曲线(像人类)意味着大多数个体……
Type I (humans, elephants): low early death, most survive to old age — typical of K-strategists. · Type I(人类、大象):早期死亡低,大多数存活到老年——K 对策者的典型。
Frogs and fish, whose young die in huge numbers, show a Type ____ curve. · 蛙和鱼,它们的幼体大量死亡,显示一条 Type ____ 曲线。
Type III (frogs, fish): very high early death, but a few survive — typical of r-strategists. · Type III(蛙、鱼):早期死亡非常高,但少数存活——r 对策者的典型。
Type III: die early
- A Type III curve drops steeply at the start, then flattens.
- Most young die very early, but the few survivors live on.
- Frogs, fish, and oak trees (with countless seeds) show Type III.
- These are r-strategists: many offspring, little care.
Type III:早死
- 一条 Type III 曲线在开始时急剧下降,然后变平。
- 大多数幼体很早就死,但少数幸存者继续活下去。
- 蛙、鱼和橡树(有无数种子)显示 Type III。
- 这些是 r 对策者:许多后代,少有照顾。
Which survivorship type? · 哪种存活类型?
Sort each species by when in life most of its members die - late (I), steadily (II), or early (III). · 按照大多数成员在生命的什么时候死亡——晚期(I)、稳定(II),还是早期(III)——给每个物种分类。
Type I curves usually belong to K-selected species, and Type III to r-selected species. · Type I 曲线通常属于 K 对策物种,Type III 属于 r 对策物种。
K-strategists (few, cared-for young) show Type I; r-strategists (many, uncared-for young) show Type III. · K 对策者(少数、受照顾的幼体)显示 Type I;r 对策者(许多、不受照顾的幼体)显示 Type III。
Select all · 所有 true statements about survivorship curves. · 选出关于存活曲线的所有正确说法。
Different species have very different curves. The other three are correct. · 不同的物种有非常不同的曲线。其余三条正确。
Survivorship type links to reproductive strategy. Type I goes with K-selection (few, well-cared-for young that survive). Type III goes with r-selection (many young, most dying early). Do not mix them up — the curve tells you the strategy at a glance.
存活类型与繁殖策略相联系。Type I 与 K对策相配(少数、受良好照顾、能存活的幼体)。Type III 与 r对策相配(许多幼体,大多数早死)。不要把它们搞混——曲线一眼就告诉你策略。
An oak tree's survivorship:
- One oak drops thousands of acorns each year.
- The vast majority are eaten or never sprout — a steep Type III drop.
- But a rare few grow into mighty trees that live for centuries — the flat tail of the curve.
一棵橡树的存活情况:
- 一棵橡树每年掉下数千颗橡子。
- 绝大多数被吃掉或从不发芽——一个陡峭的 Type III 下降。
- 但罕见的少数长成活几个世纪的参天大树——曲线平坦的尾巴。
A survivorship curve plots how many of a group survive to each age. Type I (humans) means most survive to old age, linked to K-selection; Type II means a steady death rate; Type III (frogs, fish) means most die young, linked to r-selection. The curve's shape reveals a species' life strategy.
一条存活曲线画出一个群体有多少存活到每个年龄。Type I(人类)意味着大多数存活到老年,与 K对策相联系;Type II 意味着稳定的死亡率;Type III(蛙、鱼)意味着大多数年轻就死,与 r对策相联系。曲线的形状揭示一个物种的生命策略。