Shifts and Juxtapositions · 转换与并置
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| shift/ʃɪft/ | 转折 | zhuǎn zhé |
| juxtaposition/ˌdʒʌkstəpəˈzɪʃn/ | 并置 | bìng zhì |
Contrast has two sources, not one
- Contrasts are the result of shifts or juxtapositions or both.
- A shift 转折 is a change along the text — before and after.
- A juxtaposition 并置 is two things placed side by side — here and here.
A shift moves the chairs mid-poem; juxtaposition seats two ideas together and waits for them to disagree.
对照有两个来源,不是一个
- 对照是转折、并置,或两者共同作用的结果。
- 转折(shift)是沿着文本发生的变化——之前与之后。
- 并置(juxtaposition)是两样东西被摆在一起——这里与那里。
转折在诗写到一半时挪椅子；并置让两个观点并排坐下，等着看它们怎么争。
Select all · 所有 the sources of contrast the CED names. · 选择所有CED命名的对比来源。
Rhyme is a sound pattern; it is not itself a source of contrast. · 押韵是一种声音模式；它本身不是对比的来源。
Where contrast can be introduced
- The CED lists seven channels: focus; tone; point of view; character, narrator or speaker perspective; dramatic situation or moment; settings or time; imagery.
- That is a checklist, not a theory — run it against the poem.
- Most contrasts a student misses are in the ones they never thought to check.
对照可以从哪里引入
- CED 列出七条渠道:焦点;语气;叙述视点;人物、叙述者或说话者的视角;戏剧情境或时刻;背景或时间;意象。
- 这是一份核对清单,不是一种理论——拿它去对照这首诗。
- 学生漏掉的对照,多半在他们从没想到要查的那几条里。
Shifts are signalled
- Shifts may be signalled by a word, a structural convention, or punctuation.
- A word: but, yet, now, still. A convention: a stanza break, a volta.
- Punctuation: a dash, a full stop where the pattern had commas.
转折是有标记的
- 转折可以由一个词、一种结构惯例或标点来标示。
- 一个词:但是、然而、如今、仍旧。一种惯例:分节、转折点。
- 标点:一个破折号,或一个出现在原本都是逗号之处的句号。
Shift or juxtaposition, and how would you find it? · 转换或并置，你如何找到它？
Sort each contrast by how it is produced. · 根据对比产生的方式对每个对比进行分类。
Select all · 所有 the ways a shift may be signalled. · 选择所有可能标记转换的方式。
A dash, a stanza break, or a but — all three are on the CED's list. · 破折号、换节或but——这三者都在CED的列表中。
Not every contrast is signalled. A juxtaposition places two things side by side with no but and no stanza break — the contrast is in the arrangement, not in a marker. Searching only for signal words finds shifts and misses juxtapositions entirely.
**并非每一处对照都有标记。**并置是把两样东西摆在一起,既没有但是,也没有分节——对照存在于排布之中,而不在某个标记里。只搜寻标示词,就只能找到转折,而完全漏掉并置。
Every contrast in a poem carries a signal. · 诗歌中的每一个对比都带有信号。
A juxtaposition places two things side by side with no marker at all. · 并置将两件事并排摆放，没有任何标记。
Shifts may emphasize contrasts between particular ____ of a text. · 转换可以强调文本特定____之间的对比。
So name what is true before it and what is true after — that pair is the analysis. · 因此，在它之前是真的什么，在它之后是真的什么——这一对就是分析。
What a shift is for
- Shifts may emphasize contrasts between particular segments of a text.
- So a shift is not the point; the two segments it separates are.
- Name what is true before it and what is true after — that pair is the analysis.
转折是做什么用的
- 转折可以强调文本中特定段落之间的对照。
- 因此转折本身不是要点;它所分开的那两段才是。
- 说出它之前为真的是什么、之后为真的是什么——这一对就是分析。
Match each contrast to the channel it uses. · 将每个对比与其使用的渠道匹配。
Seven channels on the CED's list — run all of them, not just the two you noticed. · CED列表上的七个渠道——全部使用它们，而不只是你注意到的两个。
A contrast pass
- Find every signal: contrast words, stanza breaks, unusual punctuation.
- At each one, say what changed, using the seven-channel list.
- For anything not signalled, look for two things placed side by side.
对照检查
- 找出每一个标记:表示对照的词、分节、异常的标点。
- 在每一处,用那七条渠道的清单说出变化的是什么。
- 对于没有标记的地方,去找两样被摆在一起的东西。
A poem sets a child's birthday in one stanza and a hospital corridor in the next, with no connective at all. Nothing is signalled; the contrast is a juxtaposition of settings or time, and the missing connective is what makes the reader supply the relationship themselves.
一首诗在一节里写孩子的生日,在下一节里写医院走廊,中间没有任何连接词。什么标记也没有;这一对照是背景或时间的并置,而缺失的连接词,正是促使读者自己去补出这一关系的东西。
Contrasts result from shifts or juxtapositions or both. Contrast can be introduced through focus, tone, point of view, perspective, dramatic situation, settings or time, and imagery. Shifts are signalled by a word, a structural convention or punctuation — juxtapositions are not.
对照是转折、并置或两者共同作用的结果。对照可以通过焦点、语气、叙述视点、视角、戏剧情境、背景或时间,以及意象引入。转折由词语、结构惯例或标点加以标示——并置则没有标记。