Claim and Evidence in One Paragraph · 一段之内的主张与证据
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| claim/kleɪm/ | 主张 | zhǔ zhāng |
Close reading comes first
- In literary analysis, writers read a text closely to identify details that, in combination, enable them to make and defend a claim.
- In combination is the load-bearing phrase: one detail is an observation, several are a case.
- So the claim comes out of the details, not before them.
One detail is a clue; several working together are a committee that finally agrees on something.
细读在先
- 在文学分析中,写作者细读文本,找出那些合在一起使他们能够提出并捍卫某一主张的细节。
- 合在一起是承重的短语:一处细节是观察,若干处才是论据。
- 因此主张是从细节中生出来的,而不是先于它们。
一个细节是一条线索；几个细节合在一起，像难得达成共识的小委员会。
The test of whether a statement is a claim is whether it... · 判断一个陈述是否为主张的检验是,它是否……
If nobody could disagree, it is an observation, not a claim. · 如果没有人会不同意,那它就是观察,不是主张。
What makes a claim a claim
- A claim 主张 is a statement that requires defense with evidence from the text.
- That is a test you can apply: if nobody could disagree, it is not a claim.
- The story is set in a kitchen needs no defence; the kitchen is where her authority ends does.
是什么使主张成为主张
- 主张(claim)是一个需要用文本中的证据加以捍卫的陈述。
- 这是一条你可以套用的检验:如果没有人会不同意,那它就不是主张。
- 这个故事发生在厨房里不需要捍卫;厨房是她权威终止之处则需要。
Select all · 所有 the initial components of a literary-analysis paragraph. · 选出文学分析段落最初的所有组成部分。
Commentary is added in a later unit; this unit's paragraph has two components. · 评述要到后面的单元才加进来;本单元的段落有两个组成部分。
The two initial components
- The CED is exact: the initial components of a literary-analysis paragraph are the claim and the textual evidence that defends it.
- Two components — commentary is added in a later unit.
- This unit's paragraph is complete when the claim is defensible and the evidence is on the page.
最初的两个组成部分
- CED 说得很确切:文学分析段落最初的组成部分是主张,以及捍卫它的文本证据。
- 两个组成部分——评述要到后面的单元才加进来。
- 本单元的段落,在主张站得住、且证据落在纸面上时,就算完成。
Build one paragraph of literary argument · 搭出一段文学论证
Claim, evidence, commentary — and in literature the commentary is about the CHOICE, not the content. · 主张、证据、评注——而在文学里,评注针对的是"选择",不是内容。
Writers identify details that, in ____, enable them to make and defend a claim. · 写作者找出那些 ____ 使他们能够提出并捍卫某一主张的细节。
One detail is an observation; several in combination are a case. · 一处细节是观察;若干处合在一起才是论据。
A statement nobody could disagree with is not a claim. "The story takes place in a kitchen" is an observation and needs no defence; "the kitchen is the one room where her authority holds" requires evidence, and therefore can be argued, and therefore can earn marks.
没有人会不同意的陈述不是主张。"这个故事发生在厨房里"是一项观察,不需要捍卫;"厨房是她的权威唯一站得住的房间"需要证据,因此可以论证,因此可以得分。
Paraphrasing the text is as good as quoting it. · 转述文本与引用文本一样好。
Paraphrase is your voice claiming to be the text's, which the reader cannot check. · 转述是你的声音自称是文本的声音,读者无法核查。
Evidence means quotation
- Evidence from the text is the text's own words, quoted.
- Paraphrase is your voice claiming to be the text's, which cannot be checked.
- Quote short, quote exactly, and quote the words that actually carry your point.
证据意味着引文
- 来自文本的证据,是文本自己的词句,加以引用。
- 转述是你的声音自称是文本的声音,这无法核查。
- 引用要短、要准确,并且要引那些真正承载你要点的词。
Match each check to the fault it catches. · 把每项检查与它所捕捉的毛病配对。
Two components, three checks — and the paragraph passes or fails on them. · 两个组成部分,三项检查——段落就在它们上面见分晓。
A two-part check
- Could a careful reader disagree with my claim? If not, sharpen it.
- Is my evidence quoted, and does it contain the words my claim depends on?
- Two questions, and this unit's paragraph passes or fails on them.
两部分检查
- 一位细心的读者会不会不同意我的主张?如果不会,就把它磨得更锋利些。
- 我的证据是引用的吗?其中是否包含我的主张所依赖的那些词?
- 两个问题——本单元的段落就在它们上面见分晓。
Claim: the kitchen is the one room where her authority holds. Evidence: she is described there as "telling them where to sit," and in every other room she "waited to be asked." Two quotations in combination — one alone would have been an observation.
主张:厨房是她的权威唯一站得住的房间。证据:在那里她被写作"指点他们该坐哪儿",而在其他任何房间里她都*"等着别人来问"*。两处引文合在一起——单独一处只会是一项观察。
Read closely for details that in combination support a claim. A claim requires defense with evidence from the text — if nobody could disagree, sharpen it. The paragraph's initial components are the claim and the evidence; quote short, quote exactly, and quote the words the claim depends on.
细读,找出那些合在一起支撑某一主张的细节。主张需要用文本中的证据加以捍卫——如果没有人会不同意,就把它磨得更锋利。段落最初的组成部分是主张与证据;引用要短、要准确,并要引主张所依赖的那些词。