A Speaker Gives Themselves Away · 说话人暴露了自己
In a poem there is often only the voice
- A short poem may have no plot, no named characters and no described setting.
- What it always has is somebody speaking.
- So the evidence about that speaker has to come from the speaking itself.
A poem may have no street address or cast list, but somebody has already taken the microphone.
在诗中,往往只有那个声音
- 一首短诗可能没有情节、没有具名人物、也没有被描写的背景。
- 它一定有的,是某个人在说话。
- 因此关于这个说话者的证据,只能来自说话本身。
诗里也许没有地址或演员表，却总有人先拿起了麦克风。
Five channels, all in the words
- Characters reveal their perspectives and biases through the words they use, the details they provide, the organization of their thinking, the decisions they make and the actions they take.
- Three of the five are available even when nothing happens.
- That is what makes the list usable on a poem.
五条渠道,全在词句之中
- 人物通过他们所用的词、他们提供的细节、他们思维的组织方式、他们所作的决定与他们采取的行动,揭示自己的视角与偏见。
- 五条渠道中有三条,在什么都没发生时依然可用。
- 这正是这份清单在一首诗上也用得上的原因。
Select all · 所有 the channels through which characters reveal perspective and bias. · 选择角色透露视角和偏见的所有渠道。
Decisions and actions complete the list; the publication date is outside the text. · 决定和行动完成了列表；出版日期位于文本之外。
The details they provide
- A speaker describing a room chooses which four objects to mention out of forty.
- The four are evidence about the speaker before they are evidence about the room.
- Ask what a different speaker would have noticed instead.
他们提供的细节
- 一位描写房间的说话者,是从四十件物品中选了哪四件来提及。
- 这四件东西,在成为关于房间的证据之前,先是关于说话者的证据。
- 要问换一个说话者会注意到什么别的。
Which channel is this evidence? · 这是哪个渠道的证据？
Sort each observation by the channel the CED names. · 根据CED命名的渠道对每个观察结果进行排序。
What a speaker leaves out cannot be used as evidence. · 说话人遗漏的内容不能作为证据使用。
The obvious detail another speaker would have mentioned is where a bias usually shows. · 另一位说话者通常会提到的明显细节是偏见通常在哪里显现。
A speaker who names four objects out of forty has given evidence primarily about... · 一位在四十个物体中说出四个的说话者，主要提供的证据是关于……
The selection is a choice, and choices belong to whoever made them. · 选段是一种选择，而选择属于做出选择的人。
A speaker's silence is evidence too. What a voice does not mention — the obvious detail any other speaker would have reached for — is as analysable as what it does, and it is where a bias usually shows.
**说话者的沉默同样是证据。**一个声音没有提到的东西——任何别的说话者都会顺手拿起的那个显而易见的细节——与它提到的东西一样可供分析,而偏见通常正是在这里显露的。
The ____ of a speaker's thinking is evidence even when every sentence is true. · 即使每个句子都是真的，说话者思维的____也是一种证据。
A speaker who begins with an excuse has told you what they expect to be accused of. · 以借口开头的说话者已经告诉了你他们预期会被指责什么。
The organization of their thinking
- Which idea did the speaker put first? What did they return to? Where did they stop?
- A speaker who begins with an excuse has told you what they expect to be accused of.
- Order of thought is evidence even when every sentence is true.
他们思维的组织方式
- 说话者把哪个想法放在最前?他们又回到了什么?他们在哪里停下?
- 以辩解开场的说话者,已经告诉了你他们预料会被指控什么。
- 即便每一句话都为真,思维的顺序仍然是证据。
Match each question to the channel it opens. · 将每个问题与其打开的渠道匹配。
Three questions you can ask of a poem in which nothing happens. · 对于一首没有发生任何事（情节无进展）的诗，你可以提出的三个问题。
A speaker pass on a poem
- List the words that could have been ordinary and are not.
- List what the speaker mentions, and one obvious thing they do not.
- Then say what perspective makes all of that consistent.
对一首诗的说话者检查
- 列出那些本可以平常、却并不平常的词。
- 列出说话者提到了什么,以及他们没有提到的一件显而易见的东西。
- 然后说出是什么样的视角,使这一切都变得前后一致。
A speaker describing a funeral names the weather, the flowers and the length of the service, and never once the dead person. Nothing said is false; the organization of the thinking has kept the subject out, and that avoidance is the poem.
一位描写葬礼的说话者提到了天气、花,以及仪式的长短,却一次也没有提到死者。所说的没有一句是假的;是思维的组织方式把主题排除在外,而这份回避本身就是这首诗。
A speaker reveals perspective and biases through the words they use, the details they provide, the organization of their thinking, their decisions and their actions — and the first three work on a poem where nothing happens. What is left out is evidence too.
说话者通过所用的词、提供的细节、思维的组织方式、所作的决定与采取的行动,揭示其视角与偏见——而前三条,在什么都没发生的诗里同样有效。被略去的东西同样是证据。