Concede, Rebut, Refute · 承认、反驳、证伪
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| credibility/ˌkredɪˈbɪlɪti/ | 可信度 | kě xìn dù |
| refute/rɪˈfjuːt/ | 驳倒 | bó dǎo |
| rebut/rɪˈbʌt/ | 反驳 | fǎn bó |
| concede/kənˈsiːd/ | 让步 | ràng bù |
Nobody argues first
- Every subject worth arguing about has been argued about already.
- Effectively entering into an ongoing conversation means engaging the positions that have already been considered.
- A text that ignores them is not neutral — it reads as not knowing they exist.
Joining an argument without reading earlier replies is like asking “What happened?” just after everyone explained it.
没有人是第一个开口的
- 每一个值得争论的话题,都已经被争论过了。
- 有效地进入一场进行中的对话,意味着去应对那些已被考虑和争论过的立场。
- 无视它们的文本并不中立——它读起来像是不知道它们的存在。
不看之前的观点就加入辩论，就像大家刚解释完，你才进门问“发生什么事了？”
The difference between rebutting and refuting is that refuting... · 反驳与证伪的区别在于，证伪……
A rebuttal only proposes invalidity; a refutation demonstrates it. · 反驳仅提出无效性；证伪则展示其无效性。
Three different moves, three different costs
- Writers enhance their credibility 可信度 when they refute, rebut or concede opposing arguments.
- They are not synonyms and they do not cost the same.
- Which one a writer chose tells you what evidence they had.
三种不同的动作,三种不同的代价
- 写作者在驳斥、反驳或让步于对立论证时,会增强自己的可信度(credibility)。
- 这三者不是同义词,代价也不相同。
- 写作者选了哪一个,会告诉你他手上有什么样的证据。
Select all · 所有 the routes to conceding that the CED names. · 选择CED命名的所有承认途径。
The third route does not concern the opponent at all. · 第三种途径完全不涉及对手。
Concede
- To concede 让步 is to accept all or part of a competing claim as correct, to agree it is correct under different circumstances, or to acknowledge the limitations of your own argument.
- Three routes, and the third does not concern the opponent at all.
- Conceding costs nothing but the claim you gave up — and buys the reader's trust.
让步
- 让步(concede)是接受竞争性主张的全部或一部分为正确、同意它在不同情形下成立,或承认自己论证的局限。
- 三条路径,而第三条完全不涉及对手。
- 让步的代价只是你交出的那个主张——换来的是读者的信任。
Concede, rebut, or refute? · 承认、反驳还是证伪？
Sort each move by what the writer is doing to the opposing claim. · 根据作者对对立主张所采取的行动对每个步骤进行排序。
Evidence and sources will either support, complement, or ____ a writer's thesis. · 证据和来源要么支持、补充，要么____作者的论点。
Check which one before assuming a quoted source is on the writer's side. · 在假设引用来源支持作者之前，先检查哪一项。
Rebut and refute are not the same move. A rebuttal proposes that a claim is invalid by offering a contrasting perspective or alternative evidence; a refutation demonstrates it with evidence. Calling a rebuttal a refutation credits the writer with proof they never produced.
**反驳与驳斥不是同一个动作。**反驳是通过提出对照性视角或替代性证据,来主张某个说法不成立;驳斥则是用证据加以证明。把反驳称作驳斥,等于把写作者从未拿出的证明记在了他名下。
If a text contains no counterargument, the writer has made a mistake. · 如果文本中没有反方论点，作者就犯了错误。
The CED states that not all arguments explicitly address a counterargument. · CED指出，并非所有论点都明确提及反方论点。
Rebut and refute
- To rebut 反驳 is to offer a contrasting perspective, or alternative evidence, to propose that a competing claim is invalid.
- To refute 驳倒 is to demonstrate, using evidence, that it is invalid.
- Rebutting proposes; refuting demonstrates — so refuting needs evidence a rebuttal does not.
反驳与驳斥
- 反驳(rebut)是提出一种对照性的视角或替代性的证据,以主张某个竞争性主张不成立。
- 驳倒(refute)是用证据加以证明,表明它不成立。
- 反驳是提出;驳斥是证明——因此驳斥需要反驳所不需要的那种证据。
Match each move to what it costs the writer. · 将每个步骤与其给作者带来的代价匹配。
Which move a writer chose tells you what evidence they had. · 作者选择的步骤告诉了你他们拥有什么证据。
Reading the move
- Transitions may be used to introduce counterarguments — admittedly, of course, it is true that, critics argue.
- But not all arguments explicitly address a counterargument, so their absence is not proof of an oversight.
- And evidence and sources will either support, complement or contradict a writer's thesis — check which, before assuming it supports.
读出那个动作
- 过渡语可用来引出反论——诚然、当然、确实、批评者认为。
- 但并非所有论证都明确处理反论,因此它们的缺席并不能证明是疏漏。
- 而且证据与来源要么支持、要么补充、要么抵触写作者的论点——在假定它支持之前,先查清是哪一种。
"Critics say the scheme is costly. It is" — concedes. "Critics say it is costly, but the same critics accept far larger sums elsewhere" — rebuts by contrasting perspective. "The published accounts show the cost is one-third of the figure critics use" — refutes, with evidence.
"批评者说这项计划耗资巨大。确实如此"——这是让步。"批评者说它耗资巨大,但同一批批评者在别处接受了大得多的数额"——这是以对照性视角作反驳。"已公布的账目显示,其成本只有批评者所用数字的三分之一"——这是以证据作驳斥。
Concede = accept all or part, or under different circumstances, or admit your own limits. Rebut = propose invalidity via a contrasting perspective or alternative evidence. Refute = demonstrate invalidity with evidence. Transitions introduce counterarguments, but not all arguments address one.
让步=接受全部或部分、或在不同情形下成立、或承认自己的局限。反驳=通过对照性视角或替代性证据主张其不成立。驳斥=用证据证明其不成立。过渡语可以引出反论,但并非所有论证都会处理反论。