Style and Irony · 风格与讽刺
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Irony/ˈaɪrəni/ | 反讽 | fǎn fěng |
"The style is formal" is not an analysis
- Style is not one property a text either has or lacks.
- It is a mix, and naming the mix is what analysis means.
- Saying a style is formal names the result while skipping every component.
“Formal” names the outfit; style analysis asks about the fabric, the cut and why the writer wore it.
"文体是正式的"不是分析
- 文体不是某个文本要么有、要么没有的单一属性。
- 它是一种组合,而点出这一组合正是分析的含义。
- 说某种文体是正式的,是点出了结果,却跳过了所有构成要素。
“正式”只说了衣服的名字；风格分析还要看布料、剪裁，以及作者为什么这样穿。
What style is made of
- A writer's style is the mix of word choice, syntax and conventions that writer employs.
- Three components, each analysable on its own.
- An analysis that names all three has explained the style; one that names the result has labelled it.
文体由什么构成
- 写作者的文体(style)是该写作者所使用的用词、句法与惯例的组合。
- 三个构成要素,每一个都可以单独分析。
- 点出三者的分析解释了文体;只点出结果的分析只是给它贴了标签。
Component, result, or gap? · 成分、结果还是空缺？
Sort each statement by what it identifies. · 根据每条陈述所指代的内容进行分类。
Select all · 所有 the components of style the CED names. · 选择CED命名的所有风格成分。
Style is the mix · 混合 of the first three; length is not a component. · 风格是前三者的混合；长度并非一个成分。
Irony as a signal
- Writers may signal a complex or ironic perspective through stylistic choices.
- Irony 反讽 emerges from the difference between what is said and what is meant, or between what is expected and what occurs.
- So irony is always a gap, and analysis means naming both sides of it.
作为信号的反讽
- 写作者可以通过文体选择传达一种复杂或反讽的视角。
- 反讽(irony)产生于所说与所指之间、或期待与实际发生之事之间的差异。
- 因此反讽永远是一道缝隙,而分析意味着把它的两侧都点出来。
Irony emerges from... · 讽刺产生于...
Or between what is expected and what occurs — either way, it is a gap · 间隙. · 或是预期与实际发生之间的差异——无论哪种情况，这都是一种空缺。
Irony is a gap, so an analysis must name both sides of it. Saying "the writer is being ironic" identifies that a gap exists without saying what is on either side — which is the whole of the analysis.
**反讽是一道缝隙,因此分析必须把它的两侧都点出来。**只说"写作者在使用反讽",只是指认了缝隙的存在,却没有说出两侧各是什么——而那才是分析的全部。
To find irony structurally, look for literal content that ____ with its surroundings. · 要从结构上发现讽刺，寻找那些与其周围环境____的字面内容。
Excessive praise beside damaging evidence is the classic signal. · 在破坏性证据旁过度赞美是经典信号。
Finding irony without intuition
- Irony cannot be looked up, which makes it hard for a second-language reader.
- Use a structural method: find a sentence whose literal content clashes with its surroundings.
- Excessive praise beside damaging evidence, or a calm register beside an outrageous fact, is the signal.
不靠直觉找出反讽
- 反讽查不到,这使它对第二语言读者格外困难。
- 改用结构性方法:找出一个字面内容与其周围环境相抵触的句子。
- 过度的赞美紧挨着不利的证据,或平静的语域紧挨着骇人的事实,就是信号。
Saying "the writer is being ironic" is a complete analysis. · 说“作者在使用讽刺”并不构成完整分析。
Irony is a gap; an analysis must name both sides of it. · 讽刺是一种空缺；分析必须指出其双方。
Match each step of an irony analysis to what it delivers. · 将讽刺分析的每一步与其产出的内容匹配。
Two sides and an effect — the same three-part shape as claim, evidence, commentary. · 双方加影响——与主张、证据、评论的三部分结构相同。
Writing about irony
- Say what the words claim. Say what the writer means. Then say what the gap does to the reader.
- The reader who sees the gap is being invited into an understanding the text never states.
- That invitation is often the point — irony makes an ally of a reader who catches it.
书写反讽
- 说出这些词语声称什么。说出写作者意指什么。然后说出这道缝隙对读者起了什么作用。
- 看出这道缝隙的读者,正被邀请进入一种文本从未明说的理解。
- 这一邀请往往就是要点所在——反讽把察觉到它的读者变成了同盟。
"The results, such as they were, arrived exactly on schedule." Said: a compliment about punctuality. Meant: the results were not worth having, so punctuality is the only praise left — and it is worth nothing.
*"那些成果——姑且算是成果——恰好如期而至。"*所说:一句关于准时的称许。所指:那些成果不值一提,因此只剩准时可堪称道——而这毫无价值。
Style is the mix of word choice, syntax and conventions — name the components, not the result. Irony is a gap between what is said and what is meant, or between expectation and outcome. Find it structurally: literal content clashing with its surroundings. Then name both sides.
文体是用词、句法与惯例的组合——要点出构成要素,而不是结果。反讽是所说与所指之间、或期待与结果之间的一道缝隙。结构性地找出它:字面内容与周围环境相抵触。然后把两侧都点出来。