Coordination and Subordination · 并列与从属
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| At least one clause must be independent/æt liːst wʌn klɔːz mʌst biː ˌɪndɪˈpendənt/ | 独立分句 | dú lì fēn jù |
Same facts, different argument
- The measure was expensive, and it worked.
- Although the measure was expensive, it worked.
- Nothing factual changed. What changed is which fact the reader is asked to rank higher.
“Although” is a small word that can move the more important fact into the driver’s seat.
同样的事实,不同的论证
- 这项措施代价高昂,而且它奏效了。
- 尽管这项措施代价高昂,它还是奏效了。
- 没有任何事实发生变化。变的是读者被要求把哪一项事实排得更高。
“Although”词虽小，却能把更重要的事实请到驾驶座上。
Clauses
- Writers express ideas in sentences, which are made of clauses.
- At least one clause must be independent 独立分句 — able to stand as a sentence alone.
- Everything else in the sentence is attached to it, and the attachment carries meaning.
分句
- 写作者用句子表达观念,而句子由分句构成。
- 至少要有一个分句是独立的(independent clause)——能够单独成句。
- 句中其余部分都附着于它,而这种附着本身承载意义。
Every sentence must contain at least one ____ clause. · 每个句子必须包含至少一个____从句。
The independent clause is also the emphatic position. · 独立从句也是强调位置。
The CED's two rules
- Writers use coordination to illustrate a balance or equality between ideas.
- Writers use subordination to illustrate an imbalance or inequality between ideas.
- These are unusually explicit rules, and they make syntax analysable rather than decorative.
CED 的两条规则
- 写作者用并列来体现观念之间的均衡或对等。
- 写作者用从属来体现观念之间的不均衡或不对等。
- 这是异常明确的两条规则,它们使句法变得可分析,而不再只是装饰。
Balance or imbalance? · 平衡还是不均衡？
Sort each sentence by how it ranks its two ideas. · 根据每个句子如何排列两个观点对其进行排序。
Subordination is used to illustrate... · 从属结构用于阐释……
The CED is explicit: coordination = balance, subordination = imbalance. · CED明确指出：并列=平衡，从属=不均衡。
Subordinating a fact does not deny it. Although the measure was expensive keeps the cost true and ranks it below the result. An analysis that says the writer "dismisses" the cost has misread what subordination does.
把一项事实从属化并不等于否认它。尽管这项措施代价高昂保留了成本为真,只是把它排在结果之下。说写作者"打发掉"了成本的分析,误读了从属所起的作用。
Subordinating a fact denies that it is true. · 将从属结构用于事实等于否认其真实性。
It keeps the fact true and ranks it below the idea in the independent clause. · 它保持事实真实，并将其排在独立从句观点之下。
Select all · 所有 the arrangements the CED says can create emphasis. · 选择所有CED认为能产生强调效果的排列方式。
Paragraph count is not an arrangement that emphasises an idea. · 段落数量不是强调观点的排列方式。
Arrangement creates emphasis
- The arrangement of sentences in a text can emphasise particular ideas.
- So can the arrangement of clauses, phrases and words within a sentence.
- The independent clause is the emphatic position; what sits there is what the sentence is really claiming.
排布造就强调
- 文本中句子的排布可以突出特定观念。
- 句内分句、短语与词语的排布同样可以。
- 独立分句是强调位置;放在那里的内容,才是这个句子真正主张的东西。
Match each part of a sentence to what it carries. · 将句子的各部分与其承载的功能匹配。
Find the independent clause and you have found what the sentence really claims. · 找到独立从句，你就找到了句子真正的主张。
Analysing a sentence
- Find the independent clause — that is the claim.
- Find what was subordinated — that is what the writer conceded while keeping it true.
- Then say what the ranking does to the reader. That is syntax analysed as argument.
分析一个句子
- 找出独立分句——那就是主张。
- 找出被从属化的内容——那是写作者一边承认、一边保留其为真的东西。
- 然后说出这一排序对读者起了什么作用。这就是把句法当作论证来分析。
"The programme was popular; it was also, by every measure the department proposed, ineffective." The semicolon coordinates: both facts are true at once and neither outranks the other, so the reader cannot dismiss the failure as an objection to popularity.
*"这个项目很受欢迎;按照该部门提出的每一项指标,它也是无效的。"*分号起并列作用:两项事实同时为真,谁也不高于谁,因此读者无法把这一失败当作对"受欢迎"的反驳而打发掉。
A sentence needs at least one independent clause. Coordination illustrates balance; subordination illustrates imbalance. The arrangement of sentences, clauses and words creates emphasis, and the independent clause is the emphatic position — what sits there is the real claim.
一个句子至少需要一个独立分句。并列体现均衡;从属体现不均衡。句子、分句与词语的排布造就强调,而独立分句是强调位置——放在那里的内容才是真正的主张。