Commentary and Synthesis · 评论与综合
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Synthesis/ˈsɪnθəsɪs/ | 综合 | zōng hé |
| attribution and citation/ətrɪˈbjuːʃn ænd saɪˈteɪʃn/ | 归属与引用 | guī shǔ yǔ yǐn yòng |
The sentence before the quotation matters too
- Students learn to explain evidence after using it.
- Fewer learn to introduce it before.
- Unit 3 gives commentary two jobs, not one.
A quotation without a lead-in lands on the page like a guest who arrived before the host.
引文之前的那句话同样要紧
- 学生学会了在使用证据之后加以解释。
- 学会在使用之前先加以引入的人则少得多。
- 第三单元赋予评述两项工作,而不是一项。
没有铺垫的引文落到纸上，就像客人比主人先到家。
Commentary's two jobs
- Effective use of evidence uses commentary to establish a logical relationship between evidence and claim.
- Writers also introduce source material using commentary, integrating it into the line of reasoning.
- So commentary comes before the evidence as well as after it.
评述的两项工作
- 有效使用证据要靠评述在证据与主张之间确立逻辑关系。
- 写作者也用评述来引入源材料,把它整合进推理线索。
- 因此评述既在证据之后,也在证据之前。
Commentary's two jobs are to... · 评论的两项任务是……
Commentary comes before · 在...之前 the evidence as well as after it. · 评论出现在证据前后。
What synthesis actually requires
- Synthesis 综合 requires consideration, explanation and integration of others' arguments into your own.
- The word integration rules out a paragraph that summarises each source in turn.
- A source is integrated when your claim could not be made without it — and is not simply a restatement of it.
综合究竟要求什么
- 综合(synthesis)要求对他人的论证加以考量、解释与整合,纳入你自己的论证。
- 整合这个词排除了逐一概括各来源的段落。
- 当你的主张离开某个来源就无法成立、而又不只是对它的复述时,这个来源才算被整合了。
Summary or synthesis? · 是总结还是综合？
Sort each paragraph shape by what it achieves. · 按每段形状实现的功能进行分类。
Summarising each source in its own paragraph counts as synthesis. · 为每个来源单独写一段总结也算作综合。
Integration · 积分 is required; one paragraph per source is the classic low-scoring shape. · 需要整合；每个来源一段是典型的低分段结构。
Match each element to where it sits in a paragraph. · 将每个元素与其在段落中的位置匹配。
Commentary wraps the evidence on both sides. · 评论在证据两侧起包裹作用。
Synthesis is not summary in sequence. A paragraph per source, however accurate, produces no claim of your own — and the claim of your own is what the task is asking for.
综合不是按顺序作概括。一段写一个来源,无论多么准确,都产生不了属于你自己的主张——而属于你自己的主张,正是这项任务所要求的。
Acknowledging others' words and ideas is done through attribution and ____. · 承认他人的话语和思想是通过署名和____完成的。
On the exam this is a requirement of the task, not only an academic convention. · 在考试中这是任务要求，而不仅仅是学术惯例。
Attribution
- Writers must acknowledge the words, ideas, images, texts and intellectual property of others.
- That is done through attribution and citation 归属与引用.
- On the exam this is a requirement of the task, not only an academic convention.
归属
- 写作者必须承认他人的文字、观念、图像、文本与知识产权。
- 这要通过归属与引用(attribution and citation)来完成。
- 在考试中,这是任务本身的要求,而不只是学术惯例。
Select all · 所有 the signs that a source has been integrated rather than summarised. · 选择所有表明来源已被整合而非仅仅被总结的迹象。
One paragraph per source is the shape integration avoids. · 每个来源一段正是整合所避免的结构。
Spotting weak synthesis
- One paragraph per source is the classic low-scoring shape.
- "Source A says X. Source C says Y. Both discuss the issue." — no claim, no integration, no reasoning.
- Ask of your own paragraph: whose claim is this? If it belongs to a source, you have summarised.
识别薄弱的综合
- 一段写一个来源,是典型的低分形态。
- "来源 A 说 X。来源 C 说 Y。两者都讨论了这一议题。"——没有主张,没有整合,没有推理。
- 对自己的段落要问:这项主张是谁的?如果它属于某个来源,那你只是在概括。
Weak: "Source B supports the policy. Source D also supports it." Strong: "Sources B and D both defend the policy, but B defends it as an administrator measuring compliance while D defends it as a participant describing what it made possible — so the agreement is thinner than it appears." The claim belongs to the writer.
薄弱:*"来源 B 支持这项政策。来源 D 也支持它。"有力:"来源 B 与来源 D 都为这项政策辩护,但 B 是以一位衡量合规情况的管理者身份辩护,D 则是以一位描述这项政策使什么成为可能的参与者身份辩护——因此这种一致比表面上看起来更单薄。"*这项主张属于写作者本人。
Commentary has two jobs: introducing source material into the reasoning and establishing the logical relationship afterwards. Synthesis requires integration, not summary in sequence, and all borrowed material needs attribution and citation.
评述有两项工作:把源材料引入推理,以及在其后确立逻辑关系。综合要求的是整合,而不是按顺序作概括,而一切借用的材料都需要归属与引用。