Measuring and Sighting · 测量与视测
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| sighting/ˈsaɪtɪŋ/ | 目测 | mù cè |
| comparative measurement/kəmˈpærətɪv ˈmeʒəmənt/ | 比较测量 | bǐ jiào cè liáng |
| plumb line/plʌm laɪn/ | 铅垂线 | qiān chuí xiàn |
| envelope/ˈenvələʊp/ | 外包形 | wài bāo xíng |
The pencil as instrument
- Sighting 目测 means measuring the subject with your pencil at arm's length.
- Full arm's length, locked elbow, one eye closed — now the pencil is a ruler and protractor.
- It is the survival skill of observational drawing.
铅笔当仪器
- 目测(sighting)指伸直手臂用铅笔测量对象。
- 手臂完全伸直、手肘锁定、闭上一只眼——铅笔就成了尺子和量角器。
- 这是写生素描的生存技能。
When sighting, your arm must be . · 视测时，你的手臂必须。
A locked, extended arm keeps the measuring unit constant. · 锁定的伸直手臂能保持测量单位恒定。
One unit measures everything
- Pick one unit — often the head, or a cup's height — and measure everything in it: comparative measurement 比较测量.
- "The body is seven and a half heads" is a comparative measurement.
- Check angles by rotating the pencil to match an edge, then carrying it to the paper.
一个单位量一切
- 选一个单位——常用头部或一只杯子的高度——用它量所有东西：比较测量(comparative measurement)。
- "身体是七个半头高"就是一次比较测量。
- 转动铅笔贴合一条边的角度，再把角度搬到纸上。
Which measuring tool? · 哪种测量工具？
Sort each studio action by the measuring idea it uses. · 按所使用的测量概念对每个工作室动作进行分类。
The envelope is the big simple shape drawn before dividing into parts. · 外轮廓是在分解为各部分之前绘制的大致简单形状。
Envelope first, parts after. · 先画外轮廓，后画细节。
Select all · 所有 things you can check by sighting. · 选择所有可以通过视测检查的内容。
Sizes, angles, alignments — not chemistry. · 大小、角度、对齐——非化学性质。
Plumb lines and the envelope
- A plumb line 铅垂线 (imagined vertical) shows which landmarks line up above and below.
- Draw the envelope 外包形 first: the big simple shape containing the whole subject, then divide.
- Measured accuracy is visual evidence of the space and proportion skills.
铅垂线与外包形
- 铅垂线(plumb line)（想象的竖直线）显示哪些参照点上下对齐。
- 先画外包形(envelope)：装下整个对象的大而简单的形，再往里细分。
- 测量出的准确是空间和比例技能的视觉证据。
An imagined vertical used to check what lines up is a ____ line. · 用于检查对齐的想象垂直线称为____线。
Plumb lines check vertical alignment. · 铅垂线用于检查垂直对齐。
Match the tool to its question. · 将工具与其提出的问题匹配。
Three questions, three tools. · 三个问题，三种工具。
Sighting fails silently if your arm bends or you lean forward — the unit changes between measurements. Same arm, same lean, same eye, every single time.
只要手臂弯了或身体前倾，目测就会悄悄失效——两次测量之间单位变了。每一次都要同样的手臂、同样的姿势、同一只眼。
Drawing a chair: the seat is one "cup" wide, the back two cups tall; the back leg lines up plumb under the top rail's left end. Three checks, and the chair cannot drift far wrong.
画一把椅子：座面宽一个"杯子"，靠背高两个杯子；后腿在铅垂线上正对靠背横杆的左端。三个检查，椅子就不会走形太远。
Sighting turns the pencil into an instrument: one comparative unit, angle checks, plumb lines for alignment, and an envelope first — observation beats memory every time.
目测把铅笔变成仪器：一个比较单位、角度检查、铅垂线对齐，先画外包形——观察每一次都胜过记忆。