Structure of Metals and Alloys · 金属和合金的结构
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| delocalized electrons/dɪˈlɒkəlaɪzd ɪˈlektrɒnz/ | 离域电子 | lí yù diàn zi |
| alloy/ˈælɔɪ/ | 合金 | hé jīn |
Bendable, shiny, and conducting
- A copper wire bends without snapping and carries current.
- A gold ring shines and can be hammered paper-thin.
- What lets these materials bend, shine, and conduct all at once?
- The answer is a shared pool of roaming electrons.
可弯、发亮、又导电
- 铜线弯折而不折断,还能传导电流。
- 金戒指闪闪发亮,能被锤打得薄如纸。
- 是什么让这些材料能同时弯折、发亮又导电?
- 答案是一片共享的、四处游荡的电子。
A sea of electrons
- In a metal, cations sit in a lattice bathed in delocalized electrons 离域电子.
- These electrons roam freely through the whole solid.
- They belong to no single atom.
电子的海洋
- 在金属中,阳离子处于晶格中,浸在离域电子里。
- 这些电子在整块固体中自由游荡。
- 它们不属于任何单个原子。
What carries electric current through a solid metal? · 什么携带电流通过固态金属？
Free (delocalized) electrons move and carry the charge. · 自由（离域）电子移动并携带电荷。
Why metals conduct and bend
- Free electrons carry charge, giving good electrical conductivity.
- Layers slide without breaking the bond, so metals are malleable and ductile.
- Mobile electrons reflect light, giving a shiny lustre.
金属为何导电又可弯
- 自由电子携带电荷,带来良好的导电性。
- 层可以滑动而不破坏键,所以金属可锻可延。
- 可移动的电子反射光,带来闪亮的光泽。
Metals are malleable because... · 金属具有延展性是因为...
The electron sea lets layers shift while still bonding. · 电子海允许层在保持键合的同时发生位移。
Select all · 所有 properties explained by the sea of delocalized electrons. · 选择所有可由离域电子海解释的性质。
Free electrons carry charge, allow sliding, and reflect light. · 自由电子携带电荷、允许滑动并反射光线。
Metals are shiny because mobile electrons ____ light. · 金属有光泽是因为移动的电子____光。
The electron sea reflects light, giving lustre. · 电子海反射光线，产生光泽。
Alloys: mixing metals
- An alloy 合金 is a metal blended with other elements.
- Different-sized atoms block the layers from sliding, making it harder.
- Steel (iron + carbon) and bronze (copper + tin) are classic alloys.
合金:混合金属
- 合金是与其他元素混合的金属。
- 大小不同的原子阻止层的滑动,使它更硬。
- 钢(铁 + 碳)和青铜(铜 + 锡)是经典的合金。
The sea of electrons · 电子海
Delocalised electrons let metal layers slide and carry a current. · 离域电子使金属层能够滑动并传导电流。
An alloy is a mixture, so it has no single fixed ratio of elements. · 合金是一种混合物，因此没有固定的元素比例。
Alloys are mixtures with variable composition, not compounds. · 合金是具有可变组成的混合物，而非化合物。
Why is steel harder than pure iron?
- Carbon atoms sit among the iron atoms.
- They jam the layers so they cannot slide as easily, making it harder and stronger.
为什么钢比纯铁更硬?
- 碳原子夹在铁原子之间。
- 它们卡住各层,使其不能轻易滑动,从而更硬更强。
Adding carbon to iron to make steel makes it... · 向铁中添加碳以制造钢，使其变得...
Different-sized atoms jam the layers, so steel is harder than iron. · 不同大小的原子挤入层间，因此钢比铁更硬。
In a solid metal it is the delocalized electrons -- not moving ions -- that carry current (unlike an ionic solid, which needs mobile ions). Alloys are mixtures, not compounds, so they have no fixed ratio. And adding a different-sized atom usually makes a metal harder but less ductile.
在固态金属中,是离域电子——而不是移动的离子——携带电流(与离子固体不同,后者需要可移动的离子)。合金是混合物,不是化合物,所以没有固定比例。而且加入大小不同的原子通常使金属更硬但延展性更差。
A metal is cations in a sea of delocalized electrons that roam freely. Those electrons explain conductivity (they carry charge), malleability (layers slide), and lustre (they reflect light). An alloy blends in other atoms that block sliding, making the metal harder -- like steel and bronze.
金属是浸在自由游荡的离域电子海中的阳离子。这些电子解释了导电性(携带电荷)、可锻性(层可滑动)和光泽(反射光)。合金混入其他原子来阻止滑动,使金属更硬——如钢和青铜。