Types of Chemical Bonds · 化学键的类型
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| ionic bond/aɪˈɒnɪk bɒnd/ | 离子键 | lí zi jiàn |
| covalent bond/ˈkəʊvələnt bɒnd/ | 共价键 | gòng jià jiàn |
| metallic bond/məˈtælɪk bɒnd/ | 金属键 | jīn shǔ jiàn |
What holds atoms together
- Atoms rarely sit alone -- they cling to each other.
- Sometimes they hand electrons over; sometimes they share.
- Metals pool their electrons into a common sea.
- The way they connect decides a material's whole personality.
是什么把原子连在一起
- 原子很少独处——它们相互依附。
- 有时它们把电子交出去;有时它们共享。
- 金属把它们的电子汇成一片共同的海。
- 它们连接的方式决定了一种材料的整个性格。
Ionic bonds: give and take
- An ionic bond 离子键 forms when a metal gives electrons to a nonmetal.
- The resulting positive and negative ions attract strongly.
- Sodium and chlorine, for example, form $\text{NaCl}$.
离子键:给与取
- 当金属把电子给非金属时,形成离子键。
- 由此产生的正、负离子强烈相吸。
- 例如钠和氯形成 $\text{NaCl}$。
A metal transfers electrons to a nonmetal. What bond forms? · 金属向非金属转移电子。形成什么键？
Electron transfer between a metal and nonmetal makes an ionic bond. · 金属与非金属之间的电子转移形成离子键。
Covalent bonds: sharing
- A covalent bond 共价键 forms when two nonmetals share electrons.
- The shared pairs hold the atoms together.
- Two oxygen atoms share electrons to make $\text{O}_2$.
共价键:共享
- 当两个非金属共享电子时,形成共价键。
- 共享的电子对把原子连在一起。
- 两个氧原子共享电子形成 $\text{O}_2$。
Two nonmetals share electrons. What bond forms? · 两个非金属共享电子。形成什么键？
Shared electron pairs between nonmetals make a covalent bond. · 非金属之间共享的电子对形成共价键。
Metallic bonds and choosing the type
- A metallic bond 金属键 is a lattice of cations in a sea of shared electrons.
- A big electronegativity difference gives ionic; a small one covalent; metals alone give metallic.
- That single difference predicts the bond.
金属键与如何判断类型
- 金属键是浸在共享电子海中的阳离子晶格。
- 电负性差大给出离子键;差小给出共价键;只有金属则给出金属键。
- 这一个差值就能预测键的类型。
Which type of bond? · 这是哪种类型的键？
Predict the bond type from the elements involved. · 根据涉及的元素预测键的类型。
A lattice of metal cations in a shared sea of electrons is a ____ bond. · 金属阳离子晶格位于共享电子海中，这是一种____键。
This "sea of electrons" model describes a metallic bond. · 这种“电子海”模型描述了金属键。
A large electronegativity difference between two atoms suggests an ionic bond. · 两个原子间较大的电负性差异表明是离子键。
A big gap means electrons are transferred, not shared -- ionic. · 大差距意味着电子被转移而非共享——即离子键。
Select all · 所有 compounds likely to have covalent bonds. · 选择所有可能含有共价键的化合物。
$\text{CO}_2$ and $\text{H}_2\text{O}$ are nonmetals sharing; $\text{NaCl}$ is ionic. · $\text{CO}_2$和$\text{H}_2\text{O}$是非金属且共享电子；$\text{NaCl}$是离子键。
Predict the bond in $\text{MgO}$ and in $\text{Cl}_2$.
- Mg (a metal) with O (a nonmetal), a large difference, gives an ionic bond.
- Cl with Cl, zero difference, gives a nonpolar covalent bond.
预测 $\text{MgO}$ 和 $\text{Cl}_2$ 中的键。
- Mg(金属)与 O(非金属),差值大,给出离子键。
- Cl 与 Cl,差值为零,给出非极性共价键。
Two identical atoms (like $\text{Cl}_2$) share electrons equally. The bond is... · 两个相同的原子（如$\text{Cl}_2$）均等共享电子。该键是...
Equal sharing (zero electronegativity difference) is nonpolar covalent. · 均等共享（零电负性差）是非极性共价键。
Bond type is a spectrum, not three sharp boxes: a large electronegativity gap leans ionic, a small gap covalent, and an unequal share makes a polar covalent bond. Metal + nonmetal usually means ionic, two nonmetals means covalent, and all-metal means metallic. Do not force a compound into the wrong category.
键的类型是一个连续谱,而不是三个界限分明的盒子:电负性差大偏向离子键,差小偏向共价键,而不均等的共享形成极性共价键。金属 + 非金属通常是离子键,两个非金属是共价键,全是金属是金属键。别把化合物硬塞进错误的类别。
An ionic bond transfers electrons (metal to nonmetal), a covalent bond shares them (nonmetal to nonmetal), and a metallic bond pools them in a sea around metal cations. The electronegativity difference predicts which: large gives ionic, small gives covalent, and an uneven share gives polar covalent.
离子键转移电子(金属给非金属),共价键共享电子(非金属对非金属),金属键把电子汇成海、包围金属阳离子。电负性差决定属于哪种:大给出离子键,小给出共价键,不均等的共享给出极性共价键。