Evidence of Evolution · 进化的证据
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| fossils/ˈfɒslz/ | 化石 | huà shí |
| homologous structures/həˈmɒləɡəs ˈstrʌktʃəz/ | 同源结构 | tóng yuán jié gòu |
| vestigial structure/ˈvestɪdʒl ˈstrʌktʃə/ | 痕迹结构 | hén jì jié gòu |
| molecular evidence/məˈlekjʊlə ˈevɪdəns/ | 分子证据 | fèn zǐ zhèng jù |
How do we know evolution happened?
- Evolution is slow, so no one can watch a fish become a mammal.
- Yet we have overwhelming evidence that it happened.
- The evidence comes from several completely different fields.
- And they all point to the same conclusion.
我们怎么知道进化发生过?
- 进化很慢,所以没有人能看着一条鱼变成一只哺乳动物。
- 然而我们有压倒性的证据证明它发生过。
- 证据来自好几个完全不同的领域。
- 而它们全都指向同一个结论。
Fossils: a record over time
- Fossils 化石 are the preserved remains of organisms from the past.
- Deeper rock layers hold older fossils; higher layers, younger ones.
- This gives a sequence showing how life changed over millions of years.
- We even find transitional forms — part-fish, part-amphibian.
化石:随时间的记录
- 化石(fossil)是过去生物被保存下来的遗骸。
- 更深的岩层容纳更老的化石;更高的岩层,更年轻的。
- 这给出一个序列,显示生命在数百万年里如何改变。
- 我们甚至找到过渡形态——半鱼、半两栖。
How do fossils provide evidence for evolution? · 化石如何为进化提供证据?
Fossils preserve organisms from the past, showing a sequence of change across millions of years. · 化石保存过去的生物,展示跨越数百万年的一系列变化。
Anatomy: shared body plans
- Homologous structures 同源结构 share the same underlying plan in different species.
- The arm bones of a human, a bat's wing, and a whale's flipper match closely.
- This makes sense only if they inherited that plan from a common ancestor.
- A vestigial structure 痕迹结构 (like the human tailbone) is a shrunken leftover from an ancestor.
解剖:共享的身体构造
- 同源结构(homologous structures)在不同物种中共享相同的底层构造。
- 人的臂骨、蝙蝠的翅膀和鲸的鳍状肢紧密地对应。
- 这只有在它们从一个共同祖先那里继承那个构造时才说得通。
- 一个痕迹结构(vestigial structure)(比如人的尾骨)是从祖先那里留下的、缩小了的残余。
Homologous structures, like the arm bones of humans, bats, and whales, suggest… · 同源结构,比如人、蝙蝠和鲸的臂骨,暗示……
Homologous structures share the same basic plan because they came from a common ancestor. · 同源结构共享相同的基本构造,因为它们来自一个共同的祖先。
A body part that has lost most of its original function, like the human tailbone, is a ____ structure. · 一个失去了大部分原有功能的身体部分,比如人的尾骨,是一个____结构。
A vestigial structure is a reduced leftover from an ancestor that once used it fully. · 痕迹结构是从曾经充分使用它的祖先那里留下的、退化了的残余。
Molecules: the code agrees
- The strongest modern evidence is in DNA itself.
- Closely related species share more of their DNA sequence.
- Humans and chimps share about 98% of their DNA.
- This molecular evidence 分子证据 matches the family tree drawn from fossils and anatomy.
分子:密码相符
- 最强有力的现代证据在 DNA 本身。
- 亲缘关系更近的物种共享更多的 DNA 序列。
- 人和黑猩猩共享约 98% 的 DNA。
- 这种分子证据(molecular evidence)与从化石和解剖画出的家谱相符。
What kind of evidence? · 哪一种证据?
Sort each clue for evolution by the type of evidence it provides. · 按照每条进化线索提供的证据类型,给它们分类。
Species that are closely related share more of their DNA sequence. · 亲缘关系更近的物种共享更多的 DNA 序列。
The more recently two species shared an ancestor, the more similar their DNA — strong molecular evidence. · 两个物种越近才共享一个祖先,它们的 DNA 越相似——强有力的分子证据。
Select all · 所有 lines of evidence for evolution. · 选出进化的所有证据线索。
Weather says nothing about evolution. The other three are real, independent lines of evidence. · 天气与进化无关。其余三条是真实、独立的证据线索。
Be careful: homologous structures share a common origin (same plan, maybe different jobs), while analogous structures share only a function (a bird's wing and an insect's wing evolved separately). Only homology is evidence of common ancestry.
要小心:同源结构共享一个共同的起源(相同的构造,也许工作不同),而同功结构只共享一个功能(鸟的翅膀和昆虫的翅膀是分别进化的)。只有同源才是共同祖先的证据。
The pentadactyl (five-fingered) limb:
- Humans, bats, whales, and lizards all have the same set of limb bones.
- They use them very differently — grasping, flying, swimming, walking.
- Same bones, different jobs: exactly what you expect if they share an ancestor.
五指(五趾)肢:
- 人、蝙蝠、鲸和蜥蜴全都有同一套肢骨。
- 它们用它们的方式非常不同——抓握、飞行、游泳、行走。
- 相同的骨头,不同的工作:正是你在它们共享一个祖先时所期待的。
Evolution is supported by many independent lines of evidence: the fossils that record change over time, homologous structures and vestigial structures in anatomy, and molecular evidence from shared DNA. All of them point to the same conclusion — living things share common ancestors.
进化被许多独立的证据线索支持:记录随时间变化的化石、解剖学中的同源结构和痕迹结构,以及来自共享 DNA 的分子证据。它们全都指向同一个结论——生物共享共同的祖先。