Cell Structure and Function · 细胞结构与功能
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| organelle/ˌɔːɡəˈnel/ | 细胞器 | xì bāo qì |
| nucleus/ˈnjuːklɪəs/ | 细胞核 | xì bāo hé |
| mitochondria/ˌmaɪtəˈkɒndrɪə/ | 线粒体 | xiàn lì tǐ |
| ribosomes/ˈrɪbəsəʊmz/ | 核糖体 | hé táng tǐ |
| prokaryote/ˈprɒkərɪəʊt/ | 原核生物 | yuán hé shēng wù |
| eukaryote/ˈjuːkərɪəʊt/ | 真核生物 | zhēn hé shēng wù |
The smallest unit of life
- Every living thing is made of cells — the smallest unit that counts as alive.
- Inside each cell is a set of tiny machines, each doing one job.
- A cell is like a factory: departments that specialise and cooperate.
- Knowing the parts and their jobs explains how a cell stays alive.
生命最小的单位
- 每一个生物都由细胞构成——算得上活着的最小单位。
- 每个细胞内部有一套微小的机器,每个做一项工作。
- 细胞像一座工厂:各个部门分工并协作。
- 弄清这些部件和它们的工作,就能解释细胞如何维持生命。
Organelles: the working parts
- An organelle 细胞器 is a small structure inside a cell with a specific job.
- The nucleus 细胞核 stores the DNA and controls the cell.
- Mitochondria 线粒体 release energy as ATP by respiration.
- Ribosomes 核糖体 read the genetic message and build proteins.
细胞器:工作的部件
- 细胞器(organelle)是细胞内部有特定工作的小结构。
- 细胞核(nucleus)储存 DNA 并控制细胞。
- 线粒体(mitochondria)通过呼吸作用以 ATP 的形式释放能量。
- 核糖体(ribosome)读取遗传信息并构建蛋白质。
An organelle is… · 细胞器是……
An organelle is a specialised structure inside a cell — like the nucleus or a mitochondrion — each doing a specific job. · 细胞器是细胞内部一个特化的结构——比如细胞核或线粒体——每个做一项特定的工作。
The organelle that stores DNA and controls the cell is the ____. · 储存 DNA 并控制细胞的细胞器是 ____。
The nucleus holds the DNA and directs everything the cell does. · 细胞核保存 DNA 并指挥细胞做的一切。
Two kinds of cell
- A prokaryote 原核生物 (like a bacterium) has no nucleus — its DNA floats free.
- A eukaryote 真核生物 (plants, animals, fungi) has a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex.
- Both kinds still run on the same basic chemistry of life.
两种细胞
- 原核生物(prokaryote)(比如细菌)没有细胞核——它的 DNA 自由地漂浮着。
- 真核生物(eukaryote)(植物、动物、真菌)有真正的细胞核和膜包被的细胞器。
- 真核细胞更大、更复杂。
- 两种细胞仍然运行着同样的基本生命化学。
What is the key difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote? · 原核生物和真核生物之间的关键区别是什么?
Eukaryotes (plants, animals, fungi) have a true nucleus and organelles; prokaryotes (bacteria) do not. · 真核生物(植物、动物、真菌)有真正的细胞核和细胞器;原核生物(细菌)没有。
Extra parts in plant cells
- Plant cells add a stiff cell wall outside the membrane for support.
- Chloroplasts capture light and make sugar by photosynthesis.
- A large central vacuole stores water and keeps the cell firm.
- Animal cells have none of these three.
植物细胞里额外的部件
- 植物细胞在膜外加了一层坚硬的细胞壁来支撑。
- 叶绿体捕获光,并通过光合作用制造糖。
- 一个大的中央液泡储存水,让细胞保持坚挺。
- 动物细胞这三样都没有。
Match the organelle to its job · 把细胞器与它的工作配对
Sort each organelle by the main job it does inside the cell. · 按照每个细胞器在细胞里做的主要工作,给它们分类。
The mitochondrion is where the cell makes most of its ATP energy. · 线粒体是细胞制造它大部分 ATP 能量的地方。
The mitochondrion carries out aerobic respiration, the cell's main ATP supply. · 线粒体进行有氧呼吸,是细胞主要的 ATP 来源。
Select all · 所有 true statements about cells. · 选出关于细胞的所有正确说法。
Bacteria are prokaryotes and have no · 否 nucleus. The other three are correct. · 细菌是原核生物,没有细胞核。其余三条正确。
Do not mix up an organelle with an organ. An organelle is a tiny structure inside a single cell (like a mitochondrion). An organ (like the heart) is made of many cells working together. They differ by a factor of millions in size.
不要把细胞器和器官搞混。细胞器是单个细胞内部的一个微小结构(比如线粒体)。器官(比如心脏)由许多细胞一起构成。它们的大小相差数百万倍。
Why muscle cells are packed with mitochondria:
- Muscle contracts constantly and needs a huge, steady ATP supply.
- Mitochondria are the ATP factories.
- So an active muscle cell holds thousands of them — far more than a skin cell.
肌肉细胞为什么塞满了线粒体:
- 肌肉不断收缩,需要巨大而稳定的 ATP 供应。
- 线粒体是 ATP 工厂。
- 所以一个活跃的肌肉细胞拥有成千上万个——远比皮肤细胞多。
Cells are built from organelles, each with a job: the nucleus stores DNA, mitochondria make ATP, ribosomes build proteins. A prokaryote (bacterium) has no nucleus; a eukaryote (plant, animal, fungus) has a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
细胞由细胞器构成,每个都有工作:细胞核储存 DNA,线粒体制造 ATP,核糖体构建蛋白质。原核生物(细菌)没有细胞核;真核生物(植物、动物、真菌)有真正的细胞核和膜包被的细胞器。