Government macroeconomic policy objectives · 政府宏观经济政策目标
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| conflict/ˈkɒnflɪkt/ | 冲突 | chōng tū |
| full employment/fʊl emˈplɔɪmənt/ | 充分就业 | chōng fèn jiù yè |
| price stability/praɪs stəˈbɪlɪti/ | 物价稳定 | wù jià wěn dìng |
| balance of payments/ˈbæləns ɒv ˈpeɪmənts/ | 国际收支 | guó jì shōu zhī |
| trade-offs/treɪd ɒfs/ | 权衡取舍 | quán héng qǔ shě |
| Phillips curve/ˈfɪlɪps kɜːv/ | 菲利普斯曲线 | fēi lì pǔ sī qū xiàn |
The government's juggling act
- Every government wants the same things: a growing economy, jobs, stable prices, and trade that pays its way.
- But these goals often conflict 冲突 — chasing one can wreck another. That tension defines macro policy.
政府的杂耍
- 每个政府都想要相同的东西:一个增长的经济、工作、稳定的价格,以及收支相抵的贸易。
- 但这些目标常常冲突——追逐一个能毁掉另一个。那种张力定义了宏观政策。
Macro objective lab · 宏观目标实验室
Classify policy examples by the macroeconomic objective they target. · 根据政策示例所针对的宏观经济目标对其进行分类。
The four main objectives
- Other goals: a fair income distribution and protecting the environment.
Governments use fiscal policy, government spending and taxation, to steer the economy
四个主要目标
- 其他目标:一个公平的收入分配和保护环境。
政府用财政政策、政府支出和税收来引导经济
Which is NOT one of the four main macroeconomic objectives? · 哪一项不是四大主要宏观经济目标之一？
The four are growth, low unemployment, price stability and a sound balance of payments. · 这四项分别是增长、低失业率、物价稳定以及健康的国际收支。
Price stability usually means keeping inflation low and stable (around 2%), not zero. · 物价稳定通常意味着保持低且稳定的通胀率（约2%），而非零通胀。
A small positive target avoids the dangers of deflation. · 设定小幅正目标可避免通缩的危险。
Match each objective to its measure. · 将每个目标与其衡量指标相匹配。
Each objective has its own headline indicator. · 每个目标都有其各自的头条指标。
Conflicts between objectives
- Boosting growth can push up inflation and suck in imports (worsening the trade balance).
- Cutting inflation with high interest rates can raise unemployment.
- Policy is about trade-offs 权衡取舍, not perfection.
The classic conflict. Stimulating demand to cut unemployment tends to raise inflation — the short-run unemployment–inflation trade-off (the Phillips curve 菲利普斯曲线).
Progressive, proportional and regressive average tax rates
目标之间的冲突
- 提振增长能推高通货膨胀并吸入进口(恶化贸易平衡)。
- 用高利率削减通货膨胀能提高失业。
- 政策关乎权衡,不是完美。
经典的冲突。 刺激需求以削减失业倾向于提高通货膨胀——短期的失业–通货膨胀权衡(菲利普斯曲线)。
累进、比例和累退的平均税率
Stimulating demand to reduce unemployment often causes: · 刺激需求以降低失业率通常会导致：
The unemployment–inflation trade-off: more demand → fewer jobless but rising prices. · 失业与通胀的权衡：需求增加 → 失业减少但物价上涨。
Because objectives conflict, macro policy involves making ______ between them. · 由于目标之间存在冲突，宏观政策涉及在这些目标之间做出______。
You often improve one objective at the cost of another. · 你往往是以牺牲另一个目标为代价来改善一个目标的。
Measuring each objective
- Each objective has a headline indicator: real GDP growth, the unemployment rate, CPI inflation, and the current-account balance.
- Governments track all four to judge whether policy is working.
测量每个目标
- 每个目标有一个标志性指标:实际 GDP 增长、失业率、CPI 通货膨胀和经常账户余额。
- 政府追踪所有四个以判断政策是否在起作用。
You've got it
- four main objectives: growth, low unemployment, price stability, balance of payments
- plus equity and the environment
- objectives conflict (growth vs inflation; inflation vs unemployment) — policy means trade-offs
你掌握了
- 四个主要目标:增长、低失业、价格稳定、国际收支
- 加上公平和环境
- 目标冲突(增长对通货膨胀;通货膨胀对失业)——政策意味着权衡