Unemployment · 失业
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| unemployed/ʌnemˈplɔɪd/ | 失业者 | shī yè zhě |
| unemployment rate/ʌnemˈplɔɪmənt reɪt/ | 失业率 | shī yè lǜ |
| labour force/ˈleɪbə fɔːs/ | 劳动力 | láo dòng lì |
| claimant count/ˈkleɪmənt kaʊnt/ | 申领救济人数 | shēn lǐng jiù jì rén shù |
| frictional/ˈfrɪkʃənl/ | 摩擦性 | mó cā xìng |
| structural/ˈstrʌktʃərəl/ | 结构性 | jié gòu xìng |
| cyclical/ˈsaɪklɪkl/ | 周期性 | zhōu qī xìng |
| aggregate demand/ˈæɡrɪɡeɪt dɪˈmænd/ | 总需求 | zǒng xū qiú |
The cost of idle hands
- Behind every percentage point of unemployment are real people — and lost output the economy never gets back.
- Measuring it, and knowing why it happens, is essential to fixing it.
闲置双手的成本
- 在每一个百分点的失业背后都是真实的人——以及经济永远拿不回的失去的产出。
- 测量它,并知道它为什么发生,对修复它至关重要。
There are 2.5 million unemployed in a labour force of 50 million. What is the unemployment rate (%)? · 在 5000 万的劳动力中有 250 万失业。失业率(%)是多少?
(2.5 / 50) × 100 = 5%. · (2.5 / 50) × 100 = 5%。
The labour force is the number of people employed plus the number unemployed (and seeking work). · 劳动力是就业人数加上失业(并寻找工作)的人数。
Labour force = employed + actively-seeking unemployed; the rate divides unemployed by this. · 劳动力 = 就业 + 积极寻找的失业者;失业率把失业者除以这个。
Measuring unemployment
- The unemployed 失业者 are those without a job but actively seeking one.
- Unemployment rate 失业率 = unemployed ÷ labour force 劳动力 × 100 (the labour force = employed + unemployed).
- Two measures: the claimant count 申领救济人数 (those on benefits) and the ILO/Labour Force Survey (a wider survey).
Worked example. 2.5m unemployed in a labour force of 50m. Rate = (2.5 ÷ 50) × 100 = 5%.
Three types of unemployment: frictional, structural and cyclical
测量失业
- 失业者是那些没有工作但积极寻找工作的人。
- 失业率 = 失业者 ÷ 劳动力 × 100(劳动力 = 就业 + 失业)。
- 两种测量:申领人数(claimant count,领取补助的人)和 ILO/劳动力调查(一个更广泛的调查)。
例题。 在 5000 万的劳动力中有 250 万失业。失业率 =(2.5 ÷ 50)× 100 = 5%。
Unemployment in the labour market · 劳动市场中的失业
If the wage is stuck ABOVE the equilibrium, more workers want jobs than firms will hire — that gap is unemployment. · 如果工资卡在均衡之上,想要工作的工人比企业会雇用的多——那个差距就是失业。
Unemployment caused by a fall in aggregate demand in a recession is called: · 由衰退中总需求的下降造成的失业被称为:
Cyclical unemployment rises and falls with the economic cycle / AD. · 周期性失业随经济周期 / AD 上升和下降。
Match each type of unemployment to its cause. · 把每种失业类型与它的原因配对。
Frictional = job search; structural = mismatch; cyclical = AD-driven. · 摩擦性 = 找工作;结构性 = 不匹配;周期性 = AD 驱动。
Types of unemployment
- Frictional 摩擦性: between jobs (short-term, normal).
- Structural 结构性: skills/industry mismatch (e.g. coal mining declines).
- Cyclical 周期性 (demand-deficient): caused by a fall in AD during a recession.
失业的类型
- 摩擦性(frictional):在工作之间(短期的、正常的)。
- 结构性(structural):技能/产业不匹配(例如煤矿业衰落)。
- 周期性(需求不足)(cyclical / demand-deficient):由衰退期间 AD 的下降造成。
A fall in aggregate ______ during a recession raises cyclical unemployment. · 衰退期间总______的下降提高周期性失业。
Lower AD → less output → fewer workers needed. · 更低的 AD → 更少的产出 → 需要更少的工人。
The AD link
- A fall in aggregate demand 总需求 lowers output, so firms need fewer workers → cyclical unemployment rises.
A fall in AD reduces equilibrium output (Y), so firms employ fewer workers — cyclical unemployment.
AD 联系
- 总需求的下降降低产出,所以企业需要更少的工人 → 周期性失业上升。
AD 的下降减少均衡产出(Y),所以企业雇用更少的工人——周期性失业。
You've got it
- unemployment rate = unemployed ÷ labour force × 100
- types: frictional (between jobs), structural (skills mismatch), cyclical (AD-driven)
- a fall in AD raises cyclical unemployment
你掌握了
- 失业率 = 失业者 ÷ 劳动力 × 100
- 类型:摩擦性(在工作之间)、结构性(技能不匹配)、周期性(AD 驱动)
- AD 的下降提高周期性失业