Addressing income and wealth inequality · 解决收入和财富不平等
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Lorenz curve/ˈlɒrənts kɜːv/ | 洛伦兹曲线 | luò lún zī qū xiàn |
| Gini coefficient/ˈdʒiːni ˌkəʊɪˈfɪʃənt/ | 基尼系数 | jī ní xì shù |
| inheritance/ɪnˈherɪtəns/ | 继承 | jì chéng |
| progressive taxes/prəˈɡresɪv ˈtæksɪz/ | 累进税 | lèi jìn shuì |
| transfers/ˈtrænsfɜːz/ | 转移支付 | zhuǎn yí zhī fù |
| redistribution/ˌriːˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃn/ | 再分配 | zài fēn pèi |
Measuring the gap between rich and poor
- Two countries can have the same average income yet feel utterly different — one shares it evenly, the other hoards it at the top.
- Economists measure that spread with the Lorenz curve 洛伦兹曲线 and the Gini coefficient 基尼系数.
测量贫富之间的差距
- 两个国家能有相同的平均收入却感觉截然不同——一个把它平均分享,另一个把它囤积在顶层。
- 经济学家用洛伦兹曲线(Lorenz curve)和基尼系数(Gini coefficient)测量那个分布。
Inequality policy route · 不平等等政策途径
Follow how policy can change disposable income and opportunity. · 遵循政策如何改变可支配收入和机会。
On a Lorenz diagram, greater inequality is shown by the curve: · 在洛伦兹图上，不平等程度越高，曲线表现为：
The line of equality is the 45° line; the more the Lorenz curve bows below it, the more unequal. · 平等线是45°线；洛伦兹曲线偏离该线越远，表明不平等程度越高。
The Lorenz curve
- The Lorenz curve plots the cumulative share of income against the cumulative share of population.
- Perfect equality is the 45° line; the more the curve sags below it, the more unequal the distribution.
The further the Lorenz curve bows below the line of equality, the greater the inequality.
洛伦兹曲线
- 洛伦兹曲线把收入的累计份额对人口的累计份额作图。
- 完全平等是那条45° 线;曲线越下垂低于它,分布就越不平等。
洛伦兹曲线越向平等线之下弯曲,不平等就越大。
A Gini coefficient of 0 represents: · 基尼系数为0代表：
Gini runs from 0 (perfect equality) to 1 (one person has all income). · 基尼系数范围从0（完全平等）到1（一人拥有全部收入）。
The closer the Gini coefficient is to , the more equal the distribution. · 基尼系数越接近，分配就越平等。
Gini = 0 is perfect equality; 1 is maximum inequality. · 基尼系数=0表示完全平等；1表示最大不平等。
The Gini coefficient
- The Gini coefficient = the area between the line of equality and the Lorenz curve, as a fraction of the whole triangle.
- It runs from 0 (perfect equality) to 1 (one person has everything). Higher = more unequal.
基尼系数
- 基尼系数 = 平等线与洛伦兹曲线之间的面积,作为整个三角形的一个分数。
- 它从 0(完全平等)到 1(一个人拥有一切)。越高 = 越不平等。
A progressive tax takes a larger percentage of income from higher earners. · 累进税制对高收入者征收更高比例的税款。
Progressive taxation is a key tool for reducing income inequality. · 累进税制是减少收入不平等的重要工具。
Match each policy to how it reduces inequality. · 将每项政策与其减少不平等的方式相匹配。
Taxes, transfers and human-capital spending all narrow the income gap. · 税收、转移支付和人力资本支出都能缩小收入差距。
Causes and policies
- Causes: differences in wages, wealth, inheritance 继承, education, and unemployment.
- Policies to reduce it: progressive taxes 累进税 (higher rates on higher incomes), benefits/transfers 转移支付, and spending on education and healthcare.
Equality vs efficiency trade-off. Heavy redistribution 再分配 can blunt incentives to work and invest. Governments weigh fairness against the efficiency cost.
原因与政策
- 原因:工资、财富、继承、教育和失业的差异。
- 减少它的政策:累进税(progressive taxes,对更高收入征更高税率)、福利/转移支付,以及对教育和医疗的支出。
平等对效率的权衡。 沉重的再分配能钝化工作和投资的激励。政府在公平与效率成本之间权衡。
You've got it
- the Lorenz curve shows income share vs population share; sag below the 45° line = inequality
- the Gini coefficient runs 0 (equal) to 1 (one person has all)
- reduce inequality with progressive tax, benefits, and education/health spending
你掌握了
- 洛伦兹曲线显示收入份额对人口份额;下垂到 45° 线之下 = 不平等
- 基尼系数从 0(平等)到 1(一个人拥有全部)
- 用累进税、福利和教育/医疗支出减少不平等