Production possibility curves · 生产可能性曲线
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| production possibility curve/prəˈdʌkʃn ˌpɒsəˈbɪlɪti kɜːv/ | 生产可能性曲线 | shēng chǎn kě néng xìng qū xiàn |
| spare capacity/speə kəˈpæsɪti/ | 闲置产能 | xián zhì chǎn néng |
| opportunity cost/ɒpəˈtjuːnɪti kɒst/ | 机会成本 | jī huì chéng běn |
| concave/kɒnˈkeɪv/ | 凹形的 | āo xíng de |
| economic growth/ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk ɡrəʊθ/ | 经济增长 | jīng jì zēng zhǎng |
| technology/tekˈnɒlədʒi/ | 技术 | jì shù |
Guns or butter?
- A famous wartime choice: an economy can build weapons or make consumer goods — but with fixed resources, more of one means less of the other.
- The production possibility curve 生产可能性曲线 (PPC) draws that trade-off exactly.
大炮还是黄油?
- 一个著名的战时选择:一个经济体能造武器或做消费品——但资源固定,更多一个意味着更少另一个。
- 生产可能性曲线(production possibility curve,PPC)精确地画出那个权衡。
Reading the curve
- The PPC shows the maximum combinations of two goods an economy can produce with all resources fully and efficiently used.
On the curve = efficient; inside = spare capacity 闲置产能; beyond = impossible with current resources.
读这条曲线
- PPC 显示一个经济体用所有资源充分而有效率地使用时能生产的两种商品的最大组合。
在曲线上 = 有效率;里面 = 闲置产能;外面 = 用当前资源不可能。
The production possibility curve · 生产可能性曲线
Frontier = maximum efficient combinations · 边界 = 最大的有效率组合
The PPF is concave: making more of one good costs ever more of the other. · PPF 是凹的:制造更多一种商品花费越来越多的另一种。
A point exactly on the PPC represents an economy that is: · 恰好在 PPC 上的一个点代表一个经济:
On the curve = full, efficient use; inside = spare capacity; beyond = unattainable. · 在曲线上 = 充分、有效率的使用;里面 = 闲置产能;外面 = 无法实现。
Opportunity cost 机会成本 along the curve
- Moving along the PPC, gaining one good costs units of the other — that sacrifice is the opportunity cost.
- The curve bows outward (concave 凹形的) because resources aren't equally good at both jobs, so opportunity cost rises as you specialise.
沿曲线的机会成本
- 沿 PPC 移动,获得一种商品花费另一种的单位——那个牺牲是机会成本。
- 曲线向外凸(凹的),因为资源不是同样擅长两种工作,所以机会成本随你专业化而上升。
The PPC bows outward because opportunity cost rises as an economy specialises in one good. · PPC 向外凸,因为机会成本随一个经济专业化于一种商品而上升。
Resources are not equally suited to both goods, so each extra unit costs more of the other — a concave curve. · 资源不是同样适合两种商品,所以每个额外的单位花费更多的另一种——一条凹曲线。
An economy moves along its PPC and gains 10 tanks while losing 40 tractors. What is the opportunity cost of one tank (in tractors)? · 一个经济沿它的 PPC 移动,获得 10 辆坦克而失去 40 台拖拉机。一辆坦克的机会成本(以拖拉机计)是多少?
40 tractors ÷ 10 tanks = 4 tractors per tank. · 40 台拖拉机 ÷ 10 辆坦克 = 每辆坦克 4 台拖拉机。
Shifts: growth and decline
- The whole curve shifts outward with economic growth 经济增长 — more resources (labour, capital) or better technology 技术.
- It shifts inward after a disaster or war that destroys resources.
- A point moving from inside toward the curve = using up spare capacity (recovery), not growth.
Movement along ≠ shift of the curve. Producing a different mix is a move along the PPC; only more/better resources or technology shift the whole curve outward.
移动:增长与衰退
- 整条曲线随经济增长向外移——更多资源(劳动、资本)或更好的技术。
- 它在摧毁资源的灾难或战争后向内移。
- 一个点从里面向曲线移动 = 用掉闲置产能(复苏),不是增长。
沿曲线移动 ≠ 曲线的移动。 生产一个不同的组合是沿 PPC 移动;只有更多/更好的资源或技术才移动整条曲线向外。
Which causes the whole PPC to shift outward? · 哪个使整条 PPC 向外移?
More/better resources or technology shift the curve out; changing the mix is just a move along it. · 更多/更好的资源或技术把曲线向外移;改变组合只是沿它的一个移动。
Order these from "spare capacity" to "more capacity". · 把这些从“闲置产能”到“更多产能”排序。
Inside = wasted resources; on = efficient; an outward shift = genuine growth in capacity. · 里面 = 浪费的资源;在上 = 有效率;一次向外移 = 产能的真正增长。
You've got it
- the PPC shows max output combinations; on = efficient, inside = wasteful, beyond = unattainable
- moving along it has an opportunity cost; it bows outward as opportunity cost rises
- economic growth shifts the whole curve outward; movement along it just changes the mix
你掌握了
- PPC 显示最大产出组合;在上 = 有效率,里面 = 浪费,外面 = 无法实现
- 沿它移动有一个机会成本;它随机会成本上升而向外凸
- 经济增长把整条曲线向外移;沿它移动只是改变组合